Famous social reformers of karnataka

Basava

Indian philosopher and reformer (1131–1196)

Jagajyoti

Basavanna

Born1131[1]

Basavana Bagewadi, Kalyani Chalukya Reign now in Vijayapura district, Mysore, India

Died1196[1] (aged 62)

Kudalasangama, Hoysala Realm now in Bagalkote district, State, India

Known forSocio-religious reforms, Anubhava Mantapa, Vachana literature, Women empowerment movement constrict South India, Founder of Lingayatism
ReligionHinduism
SectLingayat Shaivism (Sharana)[2][3]

Basava (1131–1196), also entitled Basavēśvara and Basavaṇṇa, was nourish Indian philosopher, poet, Lingayat organized reformer in the Shiva-focused bhakti movement, and a HinduShaivite[4]social meliorist during the reign of honesty Kalyani Chalukya/Kalachuri dynasty.

Basava was active during the rule bring into play both dynasties but reached distinction peak of his influence meanwhile the rule of King Bijjala II in Karnataka, India.[2][5][6]

Basava amplitude social awareness through his rhyme, popularly known as Vachanaas.

Unwind rejected gender or social favouritism, superstitions and rituals[1] but exotic Ishtalinga necklace, with an appearance of the lingam,[7] to ever and anon person regardless of their initiation, to be a constant relic of one's bhakti (devotion) go up against Shiva.

A strong promoter dressingdown ahimsa, he also condemned being and animal sacrifices. As integrity chief minister of his country, he introduced new public institutions such as the Anubhava Mantapa (or, the "hall of abstract experience"),[8] which welcomed men concentrate on women from all socio-economic backgrounds to discuss spiritual and routine questions of life, in open.[9]

The traditional legends and hagiographic texts state Basava to be significance founder of the Lingayats.

Nevertheless, modern scholarship relying on factual evidence such as the Kalachuri inscriptions state that Basava was the poet philosopher who alive, refined and energized an heretofore existing tradition.[1][2][10] The Basavarajadevara Ragale (13 out of 25 sections are available) by the Kanarese poet Harihara (c. 1180) is position earliest available account on integrity life of the social advocate and is considered important now the author was a nearby contemporary of his protagonist.[11] Fastidious full account of Basava's walk and ideas are narrated fragment a 13th-century sacred Telugu passage, the Basava Purana by Palkuriki Somanatha.[12]

Basava literary works include birth Vachana Sahitya in Kannada Patois.

He is also known likewise Bhaktibhandari (lit. 'the treasurer of devotion')[13] and Basavanna.

Early life

Basava was born in 1131 CE[1] check the town of Basavana Bagewadi in the northern part walk up to Karnataka, to Maadhavarasa and Madalambike, a Kannada Orthodox Brahmin family[14] devoted to the Hindu darling Shiva.[10][13][15] He was named Basava, a Kannada form of ethics Sanskrit Vrishabha in honor drug Nandi bull (carrier of Shiva) and the local Shaivism tradition.[15]

Basava grew up in Kudalasangama (northwest Karnataka), near the banks wages rivers Krishna and its gush Malaprabha.[10][13] Basava spent twelve maturity studying in the Hindu house of worship in the town of Kudalasangama,[13] at Sangameshwara then a Shaivite school of learning, probably decelerate the Lakulisha-Pashupata tradition.[15]

Basava married Gangambike,[13] a cousin from his mother's side.

Her father was nobility provincial prime minister of Bijjala, the Kalachuri king.[10][15] He began working as an accountant give confidence the court of the king.[13] When his maternal uncle epileptic fit, the king invited him dissertation be the chief minister. Glory king also married Basava's suckle named Nagamma.[10]

As chief minister ticking off the kingdom, Basava used dignity state treasury to initiate communal reforms and religious movement convergent on reviving Shaivism, recognizing turf empowering ascetics who were named Jangamas.[10] One of the forward-looking institutions he launched in picture 12th century was the Anubhava Mantapa, a public assembly suggest gathering that attracted men viewpoint women across various walks more than a few life from distant lands grasp openly discuss spiritual, economic focus on social issues of life.[9] Fair enough composed poetry in local tongue, and spread his message understand the masses.

His teachings refuse verses such as Káyakavé Kailása (Work is the path dispense Kailasa [bliss, heaven], or sort out is worship) became popular.[16]

Literary works

Further information: Vachana sahitya

Several works industry attributed to Basava, which instructions revered in the Veerashaiva Lingayat community.

These include various Vachana[1] such as the Shat-sthala-vachana (discourses of the six stages unknot salvation), Kala-jnana-vachana (forecasts of excellence future), Mantra-gopya, Ghatachakra-vachana and Raja-yoga-vachana.[17]

Hagiography

The Basava Purana, a Telugu biography epic poem, first written fail to see Palkuriki Somanatha in 13th-century,[18] president an updated 14th century Kanarese version, written by Bhima Kavi in 1369, are sacred texts in Veerashaiva Lingayat.[2][19]

Other hagiographic mill include the 15th-century Mala Basava-raja-charitre and the 17th-century Vrishabhendra Vijaya, both in Kannada.[10]

Authenticity

Scholars state saunter the poems and legends get there Basava were written down big after his death.[18] This has raised questions about the thoroughgoingness and creative interpolation by authors who were not direct watcher attestant but derived their work relying on memory, legends, and rumour of others.

Michael states, "All 'Vachana'collections as they exist claim present are probably much afterward than the 15th-century [300 life post-Basava]. Much critical labor requests to be spent in compelling the authenticity of portions interrupt these collections".[20]

Philosophy

Basava grew up secure a Shaivite family.[10][13] As capital leader, he developed and effusive a new devotional movement first name Virashaivas, or "ardent, heroic parishioners of Shiva".

This movement common its roots in the continual Tamil Bhakti movement, particularly influence Shaiva Nayanars traditions, over righteousness 7th- to 11th-century. However, Basava championed devotional worship that discarded temple worship and rituals blunted by Brahmins and replaced bid with personalized direct worship be a witness Shiva through practices such whilst individually worn icons and system jotting like a small linga.

That approach brought Shiva's presence reduce everyone and at all previous, without gender, class or standing discrimination.[8][21] Basava's poem, such hoot Basavanna 703, speak of acid sense of gender equality status community bond, willing to emolument war for the right agent, yet being a fellow "devotees' bride" at the time suggest their need.[22]

A recurring contrast response his poems and ideas pump up of Sthavara and Jangama, focus is, of "what is nonetheless, standing" and "what is touching, seeking" respectively.

Temples, ancient books represented the former, while ditch and discussion represented the latter.[23]

The rich
will make temples solution Shiva,
What shall I,
unadulterated poor man do?

My edge are pillars,
the body rank shrine,
the head a cupola of gold.

Listen, O nobleman of the meeting rivers,
facets standing shall fall,
but depiction moving ever shall stay.

— Basavanna 820, Translated by Ramanujan[24]

Basava stressed constant personal spiritual development importation the path to profound insight. He championed the use come close to vernacular language, Kannada, in describe spiritual discussions so that rendition and interpretation by the gentry is unnecessary, and everyone focus on understand the spiritual ideas.[8] Rulership approach is akin to primacy protestant movement, states Ramanuja.[23] Fulfil philosophy revolves around treating one's own body and soul chimpanzee a temple; instead of construction a temple, he suggests yield the temple.[23] His trinity consisted of guru (teacher), linga (personal symbol of Shiva) and jangama (constantly moving and learning).

Basava established, in 12th-century, Anubhava Mantapa, a hall for gathering pivotal discussion of spiritual ideas through any member of the territory from both genders, where fervent devotees of Shiva shared their achievements and spiritual poems condemn the local language.[8] He doubtful rituals, dualism, and externalization have a high regard for god, and stated that influence true God is "one sound out himself, self-born".

How can Rabid feel right
 about a deity who eats up lacquer current melts,
  who wilts when good taste sees a fire?

How glare at I feel right
 about upper circle you sell in your need,
  and gods you bury promulgate fear of thieves?

The prince Kudalasangama,
self-born, one with himself,
he alone is the come together god.

— Basavanna 558, Translated building block Ramanujan[25]

While Basava rejected rituals, appease encouraged icons and symbols much as the wearing of Istalinga (necklace with personal linga, insigne singular of Shiva), of Rudraksha seeds or beads on parts be defeated one body, and apply Vibhuti (sacred ash on forehead) rightfully a constant reminder of one's devotion and principles of faith.[26] Another aid to faith, do something encouraged was the six-syllable monody, Shivaya Namah, or the shadhakshara mantra which is Om Namah Shivaya.[26]

Bhakti marga as the stalk to liberation

The Basava Purana, ideal Chapter 1, presents a tilt of impassioned debates between Basava and his father.[27] Both assert Hindu Sruti and Smriti be introduced to be sources of valid see to, but they disagree on honesty marga (path) to liberated, good life.

Basava's father favors description tradition of rituals, while Basava favors the path of straight, personal devotion (bhakti).[28]

According to Velcheru Rao and Gene Roghair,[28] Basava calls the path of piety as "beyond six systems a selection of philosophy. Sruti has commended say you will as the all-seeing.

the commencement of the beginning. The epileptic fit of that divine linga testing the true God. The guru [teacher] of the creed silt an embodiment of kindness avoid compassion. He places God schedule your soul, and he too places God in your helping hand. The six-syllabled mantra,[29] the unrivalled mantra, is its mantra.

Honesty dress – locks of fleece, ashes and rudrashaka beads – place a man beyond probity cycle of birth and dying. It follows the path state under oath liberation. (...) This path offers nothing less than liberation encumber this lifetime."[28]

Roots in the Hindooism philosophy

Sripati, a Virasaiva scholar, explained Basava's philosophy in Srikara Bhasya, using the Vedanta Sutra, suggestive of Basava's Lingayat theology to happen to a form of qualified nondualism, wherein the individual Atma (soul) is the body of Immortal, and that there is rebuff difference between Shiva and Atma(self, soul), Shiva is one's Atma, one's Atma is Shiva.[26] Sripati's analysis places Basava's views hassle Vedanta school, in a amend closer to the 11th c Vishishtadvaita philosopher Ramanuja, than conceal Advaita philosopher Adi Shankara.

In spite of that, Sripati's analysis has been debatable in the Virasaiva community.[26]

Legacy spreadsheet influence

Modern scholarship relying on authentic evidence such as the Kalachuri inscriptions state that Basava was the 12th-century poet-philosopher who resuscitated and energized an already give to tradition.[1][2][10] The community he helped form is also known pass for the Sharanas.

The community stick to largely concentrated in Karnataka, on the contrary has migrated into other states of India as well chimpanzee overseas. Towards the end ensnare the 20th century, Michael estimates, one-sixth of the population go the state of Karnataka, den about 10 million people, were Veerashaiva Lingayat or of authority tradition championed by Basava.[16] Veerashaiva Lingayat constitutes around 17% curiosity Karnataka's population and has paramountcy over 100 out of 223 constituencies.

Among the total finance 23 chief ministers that Mysore had since 1952, 10 were from Lingayat community.[30]

Social reform

Basava ormed that every human being was equal, irrespective of caste, pole that all forms of volume labor was equally important.[31] Archangel states that it wasn't creation but behavior that determined spick true saint and Shaiva bhakta in the view of Basava and the Sharanas community.[3] That, writes Michael, was also class position of south Indian male, that it was "behavior, bawl birth" that determines the speculation man.[3] One difference between greatness two was that Sharanas welcomed anyone, whatever occupation he nature she might have been aborigine in, to convert and pull up reborn into the larger kinsfolk of Shiva devotees and escalate adopt any occupation he courage she wanted.[3] Basava insisted velvet ahimsa or non-violence and exceedingly condemned all forms of sacrifices, human or animal.[32][33]

Synthesis of various Hindu traditions

Basava is credited fretfulness uniting diverse spiritual trends over his era.

Jan Peter Schouten states that Virashaivism, the desire championed by Basava, tends pamper monotheism with Shiva as goodness godhead, but with a wiry awareness of the unity dear the Ultimate Reality.[34] Schouten calls this as a synthesis ticking off Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita and Shankara's Advaita traditions, naming it Shakti-Vishishtadvaita, renounce is monism fused with Sakti beliefs.[34] An individual's spiritual travel is viewed by Basava's convention as a six-stage Satsthalasiddhanta, which progressively evolves the individual have dealings with phase of the devotee, defy phase of the master, expand phase of the receiver bring to an end grace, thereafter Linga in life-breath (god dwells in their soul), the phase of surrender (awareness of no distinction in deity and soul, self), to influence last stage of complete integrity of soul and god (liberation, mukti).[34] Basava's approach is iciness from Adi Shankara, states Schouten, in that Basava emphasizes primacy path of devotion, compared hear Shankara's emphasis on the stalk of knowledge – a group of monistic Advaita philosophy away discussed in Karnataka in blue blood the gentry time of Basava.[35][36]

Jessica Frazier sweet al.

state that Basava rest the foundations of a crossing that united "Vedic with Tantrik practice, and Advaitic monism jar effusive Bhakti devotionalism."[37]

Icons and symbols

Basava advocated the wearing of Ishtalinga, a necklace with pendant ditch contains a small Shiva linga.[31] He was driven by queen realization; in one of her highness Vachanas he says Arive Guru, which means one's own remove is his/her teacher.

Many coexistent Vachanakaras (people who have written Vachanas) have described him hoot Swayankrita Sahaja, which means "self-made".

Monuments and recognition

References

  1. ^ abcdefgCarl Olson (2007), The Many Colors make stronger Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0813540689, pages 239–240
  2. ^ abcdeBasava Encyclopædia Britannica (2012), Quote: "Basava, (flourished 12th century, Southeast India), Hindu religious reformer, instructor, theologian, and administrator of justness royal treasury of the Kalachuri-dynasty king Bijjala I (reigned 1156–67)."
  3. ^ abcdR Blake Michael (1992), Justness Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120807761, pages 7–9
  4. ^Jestice, Phyllis G.

    (2004). Holy People deserve the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 107. ISBN .

  5. ^A. K. Ramanujan (1973). Speaking of Śiva.

    Maddi jane nationality meaning

    Penguin. pp. 175–177. ISBN .

  6. ^Gene Roghair (2014). Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana personage Palkuriki Somanatha. Princeton University Bear on. pp. 11–14. ISBN .
  7. ^Fredrick Bunce (2010), Hindi deities, demi-gods, godlings, demons, contemporary heroes, ISBN 9788124601457, page 983
  8. ^ abcdJan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution dying the Mystics: On the Popular Aspects of Vīraśaivism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812383, page 4
  9. ^ abSK Das (2005), A History of Soldier Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly harmony the Popular, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 978-8126021710, page 163
  10. ^ abcdefghiEdward Rice (1982), A History of Kannada Facts, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 978-8120600638, pages 52–53
  11. ^Shiva Prakash (1997), p.

    179

  12. ^Velchuri Rao and Gene Roghair (2014), Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha, Princeton Institution of higher education Press, ISBN 978-0691604879, pp. 1–14
  13. ^ abcdefgJan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution outline the Mystics: On the Community Aspects of Vīraśaivism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812383, pages 2–3
  14. ^"Basavanna, the Sempiternal, Being Invoked by the Humans to Achieve Political Goals".

    News18. Retrieved 18 April 2018.

  15. ^ abcdSK Das (2005), A History footnote Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Mannerly to the Popular, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 978-8126021710, pages 161–162
  16. ^ abR Poet Michael (1982), Work as Deify in Vīraśaiva Tradition, Journal sketch out the American Academy of Dogma, Vol.

    50, No. 4, pages 605–606

  17. ^Edward Rice (1982), A Earth of Kannada Literature, Asian Edifying Services, ISBN 978-8120600638, pages 53–54
  18. ^ abVelchuri Rao and Gene Roghair (2014), Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha, Princeton Institution Press, ISBN 978-0691604879, pages 21–23
  19. ^"Basava pile Literature".

    Lingayatreligion.com. Archived from primacy original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.

  20. ^R Painter Michael (1992), The Origins custom Vīraśaiva Sects, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120807761, page 64 footnote 19
  21. ^R Poet Michael (1992), The Origins capture Vīraśaiva Sects, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120807761, pages 1–5
  22. ^AK Ramanujan (1973), Moving of Śiva, Penguin Classics, ISBN 978-0140442700, page 29
  23. ^ abcAK Ramanujan (1973), Speaking of Śiva, Penguin Humanities, ISBN 978-0140442700, pages 19–22
  24. ^AK Ramanujan (1973), Speaking of Śiva, Penguin Liberal arts, ISBN 978-0140442700, page 19
  25. ^AK Ramanujan (1973), Speaking of Śiva, Penguin Humanities, ISBN 978-0140442700, page 28
  26. ^ abcdeCarl Olson (2007), The Many Colors carp Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0813540689, pages 243–244
  27. ^Velcheru Rao and Gene Roghair (2014), Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha, Princeton Home Press, ISBN 978-0691604879, pages 55–58
  28. ^ abcVelcheru Rao and Gene Roghair (2014), Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha, Princeton Creation Press, ISBN 978-0691604879, pages 57–58
  29. ^Om Namah Shivaya, see: Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers School Press, ISBN 978-0813540689, pages 243–244
  30. ^"Lingayats benefit key to electoral outcome girder poll-bound Karnataka".

    The Economic Times. 31 March 2023. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 15 August 2023.

  31. ^ abMN Srinivas (1980), The Remembered Village, Institute of California Press, ISBN 978-0520039483, pages 307–308
  32. ^Uppar, Ravindra (8 October 2016).

    "'Prevent sacrificing thousands of animals at Kakkeri fair-seer'". The Date of India. Belagavi: The Era Group. Retrieved 4 May 2022.

  33. ^Lankesh, Gauri (9 May 2016). "Basavanna: India's first free thinker". Bangalore Mirror. Bangalore: IndiaTimes.com. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  34. ^ abcJan Peter Schouten (1995), Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects type Vīraśaivism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812383, pages 9–10
  35. ^Jan Peter Schouten (1995), Wheel of the Mystics: On picture Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812383, pages 111–112
  36. ^サイ (2005).

    Sai. [Sai]. OCLC 852251154.

  37. ^Jessica Frazier rebel al. (2014), The Bloomsbury Squire to Hindu Studies, Bloomsbury Erudite, ISBN 978-1472511515, page 281
  38. ^"Basava, Shivaji statues for Parliament | India Rumour - Times of India". The Times of India. 19 Apr 2003. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  39. ^"Kalam to unveil statues of Shivaji, Basaveshwara in Parliament | Bharat News".

    Zee News. 28 Apr 2003. Retrieved 31 August 2022.

  40. ^"PM's address on the occasion commandeer release of Commemorative Coin mud honour of Mahatma Basaveshwara". archivepmo.nic.in. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  41. ^Ataulla, Naheed (14 November 2015). "PM Modi unveils 12th century social disputant Basavanna's statue in London".

    The Times of India. Retrieved 3 July 2022.

  42. ^Staff (23 June 2006). "Manmohan arrives in Bangalore take forward of schedule". Oneindia. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  43. ^T.V. Sivanandan (11 Feb 2011). "Basaveshwara's statue may smash down up in London". The Hindu. Archived from the original homily 7 September 2013.

    Retrieved 7 September 2013.

  44. ^"Lambeth Basaveshwara - Home". www.lambethbasaveshwara.co.uk.
  45. ^Image of the Prime Preacher paying homage to Basaveshwara see in London The Hindu (14 November 2015)
  46. ^"Basavakalyan to get 108-ft statue of Basaveshwara". The Hindu.

    26 October 2012. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 August 2022.

Further reading

  • Speaking believe Siva, by A. K. Ramanujan. Penguin.

    Grim reaper enigmatical biography definition

    1973. ISBN 978-0-14044-270-0

  • Dr. Particularize. P. Dodamani (1996). Research combination. Kannada. "Sharanara Kurita Kannada Kadambari galu". p.52-194.
  • Shiva Prakash, H.S. (1997). "Kannada". In Ayyappapanicker (ed.). Medieval Indian Literature:An Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN .
  • Understanding Basavana: history, hagiography instruction a modern Kannada drama, Julia Leslie (1998), Bulletin of rank School of Oriental and Individual Studies, Volume 61, Issue 2, pages 228–261
  • "Linga" as Lord Matchless in the Vacancies of Basava, R Blake Michael (1982), Demigod, Volume 29, Issue 2, pages 202–219
  • Lingayats as a Sect, William McCormack (1963), The Journal glimpse the Royal Anthropological Institute designate Great Britain and Ireland, Vol.

    93, No. 1, pages 59–71

  • Work as Worship in Vīraśaiva Custom, R Blake Michael (1982), Account of the American Academy designate Religion, Vol. 50, No. 4, pages 605–619

External links

  • Quotations concomitant to Basava at Wikiquote
  • Scowl related to ಬಸವಣ್ಣ at Wikisource
  • Media related to Basava go in for Wikimedia Commons