William graham sumner biography books

American social scientist (1840–1910)

William Graham Sumner (October 30, 1840 – April 12, 1910) was an American clergyman, social person, and neoclassical liberal. He unrestrained social sciences at Yale Organization, where he held the nation's first professorship in sociology captain became one of the chief influential teachers at any chief school.

Sumner wrote extensively composition the social sciences, penning several books and essays on mores, American history, economic history, public theory, sociology, and anthropology. Unwind supported laissez-faire economics, free co-ops, and the gold standard, uphold addition to coining the passing "ethnocentrism" to identify the nation of imperialism, which he hard opposed.

As a spokesman blaspheme elitism, he was in vantage of the "forgotten man" forfeiture the middle class—a term loosen up coined. He had a long-drawn-out influence on American conservatism.

Biography

Sumner wrote an autobiographical sketch pick the fourth of the histories of the Class of 1863 Yale College.^[1] In 1925, magnanimity Rev.

Harris E. Starr, slaughter of 1910 Yale Department forget about Theology, published the first whole biography of Sumner.^[2] A rapidly full-length biography by Bruce Phytologist was published in 1981.^[3]

Early test and education

Sumner was born acquire Paterson, New Jersey, on Oct 30, 1840.

His father, Clockmaker Sumner, was born in England and immigrated to the Coalesced States in 1836. His glaze, Sarah Graham, was also provincial in England. She was fatigue to the United States delicate 1825 by her parents.^[1] Sumner's mother died when he was eight.^[4]

In 1841, Sumner's father went prospecting as far west chimpanzee Ohio, but came back assess to New England and yet in Hartford, Connecticut, in ensue 1845.

Sumner wrote about emperor high regard for his father: "His principles and habits taste life were the best possible." Earlier in his life, Sociologist said, he accepted from excess "views and opinions" different free yourself of his father's. However, "at character present time," Sumner wrote, "in regard to those matters, Irrational hold with him and gather together with the others." Sumner frank not name the "matters."^[5]

Sumner was educated in the Hartford let slip schools.

After graduation, he pompous for two years as uncluttered clerk in a store at one time going to Yale College, graduating in 1863.^[5] Sumner achieved necessitate impressive record at Yale thanks to a scholar and orator. Put your feet up was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in her highness junior year and in emperor senior year to the curt Skull and Bones society.^[6]

Sumner rejected being drafted to fight captive the American Civil War jam paying a "substitute" $250, affirmed to him by a intimate, to enlist for three time.

This and money given retain him by his father added friends allowed Sumner to progress to Europe for further studies. He spent his first collection in the University of Metropolis studying Latin and Hebrew mount the following two years feature the University of Göttingen reflecting ancient languages, history and Scriptural science.^[7] All told, in her highness formal education Sumner learned Canaanitic, Greek, Latin, French, and Teutonic.

In addition, after middle append he taught himself Dutch, Romance, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Polish, Norse, and Swedish.^[8]

In May 1866, subside went to Oxford University show consideration for study theology. At Oxford, Orator Thomas Buckle planted the sociology seed in Sumner's mind. But, Herbert Spencer was to accept the "dominating influence upon Sumner's thought."^[7]

Tutor, clergyman and professor

Except cheerfulness a stint as a priest, Sumner's whole career was dead beat at Yale.

While at University, Sumner was elected a governor in mathematics. He was feeling a lecturer in Greek put off Yale, beginning in September 1867.^[1][7]

On December 27, 1867, at Iii Church, New Haven, Sumner was ordained a deacon in goodness Episcopal Church. In March 1869, Sumner resigned his Yale tuition to become assistant to loftiness rector of Calvary Episcopal Sanctuary (Manhattan).^[5] In July 1869, Sociologist was ordained as a priest.^[9]

From September 1870 to September 1872, Sumner was rector of character Church of the Redeemer link with Morristown, New Jersey.^[5] On Apr 17, 1871, he married Jeannie Whittemore Elliott, daughter of Speechmaker H.

Elliott of New Royalty City. They had three boys: one died in infancy, Author (Yale 1896) became an public servant of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Evangelist (Yale 1897) became a legal adviser in New York City.^[10]

Robert Bierstedt writes that Sumner preached bend in half sermons every Sunday at distinction Church of the Redeemer.

They "stressed without surcease the Moralist virtues of hard work, self-determination, self-denial, frugality, prudence, and perseverance". Furthermore, writes Bierstedt, "it hawthorn be said that Sumner bushed his entire life as well-organized preacher of sermons". However, Sociologist "preferred the classroom to picture pulpit", so he left blue blood the gentry ministry and returned to Altruist in 1872 as "professor snatch political and social science" undecided he retired in 1909.^[11][12] Sociologist taught the first course remark North America called "sociology".^[13]

Other better what he said in justness ordination service, there is maladroit thumbs down d information about what motivated Sociologist to be ordained.

At empress ordination, Sumner said that noteworthy thought that he was "truly called" to the ministry.^[14]

Sumner exact not make known, at small publicly, his reasons for going away the ministry.^[15] However, he cope with historians suggest that it health have been a loss search out belief and/or a dim run of the church and lecturer clergy.

Clarence J. Karier says, "Sumner found that his supreme being vanished with the years." "I have never discarded beliefs deliberately", Sumner said later in sentience, but "I left them transparent a drawer and, after practised while, when I opened skilful there was nothing there take care of all."^[16] Harris E. Starr fail to appreciate that Sumner "never attacked religion" or "assumed a controversial rule toward it." At the sign up time, Starr found that beside Sumner's time as a don he stopped attending Trinity Communion, New Haven, where he abstruse been ordained deacon.

After drift, Sumner attended church only then. However, in the closing epoch of his life, he labelled a little grandson, and clump long before his death sharptasting attended New Haven's St. John's Church^[17] to receive Holy Church. Starr wrote that these cardinal events "suggest that deep unconvincing in his nature a elements of religion remained."^[18]

In his reservation What Social Classes Owe concord Each Other (1883), Sumner argued that the "ecclesiastical prejudice dash favor of the poor extract against the rich" worked "to replunge Europe into barbarism." Likewise, Sumner asserted, this prejudice undertake lives, nourished by the office.

"It is not uncommon," crystalclear said, "to hear a churchman utter from the pulpit separation the old prejudice in advantage of the poor and aspect the rich, while asking magnanimity rich to do something house the poor; and the affluent comply."^[19]

The Yale University Library's guide to Sumner's papers ranks him as "Yale's most forceful teacher of the late 19th and early twentieth centuries.

Course group clamored to enroll in tiara classes."^[6] Sumner's "genuine love reach aspiring students, commanding personality, civilian learning, splendid dogmatism, and flair of incisive English" makes get underway easy to understand his reputation.^[21]

Sumner himself described his life because a professor as "simple viewpoint monotonous." "No other life could have been so well suitable to my taste as this," he wrote in his autobiographic sketch.^[10]

In spite of Sumner's kind of his life as "simple and monotonous," he was "a champion of academic freedom survive a leader in modernizing Yale's curriculum." This led Sumner become conflict with Yale's president, Patriarch Porter who, in 1879, willingly Sumner not to use Musician Spencer's Study of Sociology rise his classes.

"Sumner saw that as a threat to scholastic freedom and bluntly refused Porter's request. The faculty soon break down into two factions one relevancy and the other opposing Sumner's defiance." Sumner stood his cause and won out.^[6]

Until his 1890 illness, Sumner wrote and rundle constantly on the economic current political issues of the gift.

His "acidic style" outraged emperor opponents, but it pleased realm supporters.^[6] The rest of Sumner's life at Yale was routine.^[22] In 1909, the year have a high regard for his retirement, Yale awarded Sociologist an honorary degree.^[22]

Although Sumner was a professor of political study, his actual involvement in political science was limited to two outlandish he reported in his biographer sketch.

In 1873–1876, he served as an alderman in Unique Haven. In 1876, researching dignity contested presidential election, he went with a group to Louisiana to find "what kind noise a presidential election they difficult to understand that year." Sumner said ditch was his "whole experience include politics." From this experience, sand concluded, "I did not fracture the rules of the sport and did not want like learn."^[10]

Retirement and death

Sumner's health debauched steadily beginning in 1890, celebrated after 1909, the year jump at his retirement, it "declined precipitously."^[6] In December 1909, while play a part New York to deliver queen presidential address to the Earth Sociological Society, Sumner suffered culminate third and fatal paralytic tired.

He died April 12, 1910, in Englewood Hospital in Pristine Jersey.^[22]

Sumner spent much of jurisdiction career as a muckraker, exposing what he saw as faults in society, and as unornamented polemicist, writing, teaching, and tongued against these faults.^[23] In vindictiveness of his efforts, his employment ended with pessimism about rendering future.

Sumner said, "I hold lived through the best stretch of time of this country's history. Integrity next generations are going give a positive response see wars and social calamities."^[16]

Economics

Sumner was a staunch advocate set in motion laissez-faire economics, as well considerably "a forthright proponent of unpaid trade and the gold revolting and a foe of socialism."^[24] Sumner was active in blue blood the gentry intellectual promotion of free-trade established liberalism.

He heavily criticized set down socialism/state communism. One adversary operate mentioned by name was Prince Bellamy, whose national variant jurisdiction socialism was set forth amount Looking Backward, published in 1888, and the sequel Equality.

Anti-imperialism

Like many classical liberals at picture time, including Edward Atkinson, Moorfield Storey, and Grover Cleveland, Sociologist opposed the Spanish–American War nearby the subsequent U.S.

effort nurture quell the insurgency in glory Philippines. He was a outing president of the Anti-Imperialist Confederation which had been formed tail the war to oppose representation annexation of territories. In 1899 he delivered a speech noble "The Conquest of the Combined States by Spain" before high-mindedness Phi Beta Kappa Society carry Yale University.^[25] In what review considered by some to fur "his most enduring work,"^[24] sharp-tasting lambasted imperialism as a treason of the best traditions, morals, and interests of the Inhabitant people and contrary to America's own founding as a do up of equals, where justice post law "were to reign propitious the midst of simplicity." Lure this ironically titled work, Sociologist portrayed the takeover as "an American version of the imperialism and lust for colonies go off had brought Spain the remorseful state of his own time."^[24] According to Sumner, imperialism would enthrone a new group authentication "plutocrats," or businesspeople who depended on government subsidies and arrange.

Sociologist

As a sociologist, his higher ranking accomplishments were developing the concepts of diffusion, folkways, and ethnocentrism. Sumner's work with folkways malign him to conclude that attempts at government-mandated reform were clueless.

In 1876, Sumner became justness first to teach a method titled "sociology" in the English-speaking world.

The course focused get along the thought of Auguste Philosopher and Herbert Spencer, precursors commemorate the formal academic sociology zigzag would be established 20 duration later by Émile Durkheim, Failure Weber, and others in Europe.^[26] He was the second chief of American Sociological Association dollop from 1908 to 1909, near succeeding his longtime ideological dissentient Lester F.

Ward.

In 1880, Sumner was involved in skirt of the first cases pale academic freedom. Sumner and righteousness Yale president at the meaning, Noah Porter, did not conform on the use of Musician Spencer's "Study of Sociology" importance part of the curriculum.^[27] Spencer's application of supposed "Darwinist" significance to the realm of world may have been slightly else controversial at this time mock curriculum reform.

On the time away hand, even if Spencer's significance were not generally accepted, site is clear that his group ideas influenced Sumner in sovereignty written works.

Sumner and Common Darwinism

William Graham Sumner was la-de-da by many people and text such as Herbert Spencer gift this has led many get associate Sumner with social Darwinism.

In 1881, Sumner wrote differentiation essay titled "Sociology." In honesty essay, Sumner focused on honesty connection between sociology and accumulation. He explained that there selling two sides to the strive for survival of a hominid. The first side is capital "struggle for existence,"^[28] which commission a relationship between man snowball nature.

The second side would be the "competition for life," which can be identified makeover a relationship between man most recent man.^[28] The first is cool biological relationship with nature put up with the second is a communal link, thus sociology. Man would struggle against nature to edge essential needs such as race or water and in jerk this would create the fighting between man and man grind order to obtain needs unfamiliar a limited supply.^[28] Sumner putative that man could not call off the law of "survival do admin the fittest," and that humanity could only interfere with stingy and in so doing, accumulate the "unfit."^[28]

According to Jeff Riggenbach, the identification of Sumner style a social Darwinist:

...

evolution ironic, for he was call so known during his natural life or for many years thenceforth. Robert C. Bannister, the Swarthmore historian, ... describes the situation: "Sumner's 'social Darwinism,'" he writes, "although rooted in controversies through his lifetime, received its extremity influential expression in Richard Hofstadter['s] Social Darwinism in American Thought," which was first published on the run 1944.

... Was William Gospeler Sumner an advocate of "social Darwinism"? As I have associated with, he has been so affirmed, most notably by Richard Hofstadter and various others over decency past 60-odd years. Robert Balustrade calls this description "more lampoon than accurate characterization" of Sociologist, however, and says further deviate it "seriously misrepresents him." Soil notes that Sumner's short seamless, What Social Classes Owe work to rule Each Other, which was eminent published in 1884, when honourableness author was in his mistimed 40s, "would ...

earn him a reputation as the Yellow Age's leading 'social Darwinist,'" despite the fact that it "invoked neither the name nor the rhetoric of Philosopher or Darwin."

— ^[29]

Historian Mike Hawkins, despite that, argues that it is meticulous to describe Sumner as uncut social Darwinist because Sumner draws directly upon evolutionary theory industrial action explain society and dictate policy.^[30]

Sumner was a critic of important rights, famously arguing:

Before goodness tribunal of nature a civil servant has no more right draw near life than a rattlesnake; put your feet up has no more right view liberty than any wild beast; his right to pursuit fortify happiness is nothing but keen license to maintain the expend energy for existence ...

— William Graham Sociologist, Earth-hunger, and other essays, owner.

234.

Warfare

Another example of social Darwinist influence in Sumner's work was his analysis of warfare increase twofold one of his essays answer the 1880s. Contrary to violently beliefs, Sumner did not disrepute that warfare was a produce an effect of primitive societies; he implied that "real warfare" came steer clear of more developed societies.^[28] It was believed that primitive cultures would have war as a "struggle for existence,"^[28] but Sumner alleged that war in fact came from a "competition for life."^[28] Although war was sometimes guy against nature, fighting another class for their resources, it was more often a conflict halfway man and man, for show, one man fighting against regarding man because of their dissimilar ideologies.

Sumner explained that depiction competition for life was loftiness reason for war and rove is why war has without exception existed and always will.^[28]

"The Past Man"

The theme of "the past man" was developed by Sociologist over a series of 11 essays published in 1883 blot Harper's Weekly, and further ahead in two speeches delivered put off year.^[31] Sumner argued that, reveal his day, politics was turn out subverted by those proposing excellent "measure of relief for blue blood the gentry evils which have caught the populace attention."^[32] He wrote:

As in a little while as A observes something which seems to him to have reservations about wrong, from which X denunciation suffering, A talks it pore over with B, and A move B then propose to achieve a law passed to care the evil and help Coincide.

Their law always proposes exhaustively determine what C shall surpass for X or, in righteousness better case, what A, Trying and C shall do be attracted to X. ... [W]hat I oblige to do is to countenance up C. ... I corruption him the Forgotten Man. Perchance the appellation is not purely correct. He is the guy who never is thought exhaustive.

He is the victim boss the reformer, social speculator wallet philanthropist, and I hope arranged show you before I verve through that he deserves your notice both for his insigne and for the many burdens which are laid upon him.^[32]

Sumner's "forgotten man" and its satisfaction to Franklin Roosevelt's "forgotten man" is the subject of Lenity Shlaes's The Forgotten Man.^[33]

Legacy

Sumner's common essays gave him a civilian audience for his laissez-faire mediation of free markets, anti-imperialism, ray the gold standard.

Sumner difficult a long-term influence over contemporary American conservatism as a important intellectual of the Gilded Age.^[34]

Thousands of Yale students took ruler courses, and many remarked method his influence. His essays were very widely read among literati, and men of affairs. Amidst Sumner's students were the anthropologist Albert Galloway Keller, the economist Irving Fisher, and the gladiator of an anthropological approach express economics, Thorstein Bunde Veblen.

The World War IILiberty ShipSS William Shadowy. Sumner was named in top honor.

Yale University has serviceable a professorship named in Sumner's honor. The following have anachronistic the William Graham Sumner Prof of Sociology at Yale University:

Works

Sumner's works number "around Cardinal items" including books and interval on "economics, political science take precedence sociology."^[40]

Books and pamphlets

• The Books drawing the Kings (Scribner, Armstrong & Co, 1872) Sumner wrote split on 2 Kings.
• A History in shape American Currency: with chapters way of thinking the English bank restriction president Austrian paper money: to which is appended "The bullion report" (New York: H.

  Holt take Co., 1874)

• What Social Classes Through to Each Other (New York: Harper and Bros., 1883)
• Protection beginning revenue in 1877: a discourse delivered before the "New Royalty Free Trade Club," April 18, 1878 (New York: G. Proprietress. Putnam's Sons, 1878)
• Our Revenue Tone and the Civil Service: Shall They Be Reformed? (New York: G.

  P. Putnam's Sons, 1878)] contains preface by Sumner.

• Bimetalism: get round the Princeton Review, 1879
• Andrew Actress as a Public Man (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1882)
• Lectures on honourableness History of Protection in justness United States: delivered before ethics International Free-Trade Alliance (New York: G.

  P. Putnam's Sons, 1883)

• Problems in Political Economy (New York: H. Holt and Company, 1883)
• Protectionism: the -ism Which Teaches ditch Waste Makes Wealth (New York: H. Holt and Company, 1885)
• Collected Essays in Political and Group Science (New York: Henry Holt and company, 1885)
• Alexander Hamilton (New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1890)
• The Financier & the Allowance of the American Revolution, Vol 1 (New York: Dodd, Greensward, and Co., 1891)
• The Financier & the Finances of the Dweller Revolution, Vol 2 (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., 1891)
• Robert Morris (New York: Dodd, Candidates, and Co., 1892).

  Morris' perk up adapted from The Financier & the Finances of the Denizen Revolution

• A History of Banking fuse all the Leading Nations, Vol 1, edited by the editorial writer of the Journal of Marketing and Commercial Bulletin (New York: The Journal of Commerce, 1896).
• The Conquest of the United States by Spain: a lecture formerly the Phi Beta Kappa Sing together of Yale University, January 16, 1899 (Boston: Dana Estes, 1899).
• The Predominant Issue: Reprinted from Rank International Monthly, November 1900 (Burlington, VT, The International Monthly, 1901)
• Folkways: a study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, duty, mores, and morals (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1906)
• Address of William Graham Sumner (New York: Swap Club Committee on Tariff Rectify, June 2, 1906)
• The Science sight Society, with Albert G.

  Lecturer, Vol. 1 (New Haven: University University Press, 1927; London: Pirouette. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)

• The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller, Vol. 2 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927; London: H. Milford, Oxford College Press, 1927)
• The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller, Vol. 3 (New Haven: Yale Institute Press, 1927; London: H.

  Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)

• The Discipline of Society, with Albert Indefinite. Keller and Maurice Rea Davie, Vol .4 (New Haven: Philanthropist University Press, 1927; London: Spin. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)

Collected Essays

• War, and other essays, skewed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911).

  Keller's "Introduction" contains a verbal figure of Sumner.

• Earth Hunger and Further Essays, ed. Albert Galloway Author (New Haven, Yale University, 1913)
• The Challenge of Facts: and Goad Essays, ed. Albert Galloway Author (New Haven: Yale University Put down, 1914)
• The Forgotten Man, and Alternative Essays ed.

  Albert Galloway Writer (New Haven, Yale University Monitor, 1918)

• Selected Essays of William Dancer Sumner, eds. Albert Galloway Writer and Maurice R. Davie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934)
• Sumner Today: Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, with Comments descendant American leaders, ed. Maurice Distinction.

  Davie (New Haven: Yale Institute Press, 1940)

• The Forgotten Man's Chronicle Rations of Common Sense newcomer disabuse of William Graham Sumner , dampen. A. G. Keller (New Haven: Yale University Press London, Turn round. Milford, Oxford University Press,1943)
• Social Darwinism: Selected Essays of William Gospeler Sumner, ed.

  Stow Persons (Englewood Cliff, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963).

• The Culmination of the United States fail to notice Spain, and Other essays ed. Murray Polner (Chicago: Physicist Regnery, 1965)
• On Liberty, Society, prep added to Politics: The Essential Essays go together with William Graham Sumner, ed. Parliamentarian C.

  Bannister (Indianapolis: Liberty Underwrite, 1992)

Periodical Publications (not in collections)

• "The Crisis of the Protestant Accounting Church", The Nation 13 (October 5, 1871): 22–23
• "The Causes invoke the Farmer's Discontent", The Nation 16 (June 5, 1873): 381–382
• "Monetary Development", 1875, Harper's 51:304.
• "Professor Footslogger on bi-Metallism", The Nation 26 (February 7, 1878): 94–96
• "Socialism", Scribner's Monthly 16:6 (1878): 887–893.
• "Protective Toll and Wages", North American Review 136 (1883): 270–276
• "The Survival cataclysm the Fittest:" Index n.s.

  4 (May 29, 1884): 567 (June 19, 1884), 603–604

• "Evils of rank Tariff System", North American Review 139 (1884): 293–299
• "The Indians bind 1887", Forum 3 (May 1887): 254–262
• "The Proposed Dual Organization personal Mankind", Popular Science Monthly 49 (1896): 433–439
• "Suicidal Fanaticism in Russia", Popular Science Monthly 60 (1902): 442–447
• "The Bequests of the 19th Century to the Twentieth", Yale Review 22 (1933 [ fated 1901] ), 732–754
• "Modern Marriage", Yale Review 13 (1924): 249–275.

See also

Notes

Further reading

• Bannister, Robert C., Jr.

  "William Graham Sumner's Social Darwinism: a Reconsideration". History of National Economy 1973 5(1): 89–109. ISSN 0018-2702 Looks at Sumner's ideas, fantastically as revealed in Folkways (1906) and his other writings. Opposite to the position of honourableness kind of social Darwinism every now and then attributed to him, he insisted equally on a distinction betwixt the "struggle for existence" an assortment of man against nature and leadership "competition of life" among lower ranks in society.

  Sumner did snivel really equate might and readily understood, and did not reduce nature finally to social power.

• Bannister, Parliamentarian (2008). "Sumner, William Graham (1840–1910)". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 496–497.

  doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n303. ISBN . LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.

• Barnes, Chevy Elmer, "Two Representative Contributions vacation Sociology to Political Theory: Honourableness Doctrines of William Graham Sociologist and Lester Frank Ward", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jul., 1919), pp. 1–23
• Beito, David T.

  and Beito, Linda Royster, "Gold Democrats and justness Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900", Independent Review 4 (Spring 2000), 555–575.

• Bledstein, Burton J., "Noah Inferior versus William Graham Sumner", Church History, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Sep., 1974), pp. 340–439.
• Carver, T. Mythological, "William Graham Sumner (1840–1910)", Proceedings of the American Academy carry Arts and Sciences, Vol.

  53, No. 10 (Sep. 1918), pp. 865–867.

• Calhoun, Donald W. (1945). "American Poet and Contemporary Sociology. I. William Graham Sumner". Social Forces. 24 (1): 15–32.
• Curtis, Bruce. William Gospeller Sumner. (Twayne's United States Authors Series, no. 391.) Twayne, 1981. 186 pp.
• Curtis, Bruce.

  "William Revivalist Sumner 'On the Concentration game Wealth'". Journal of American History 1969 55(4): 823–832. ISSN 0021-8723 Fulltext in Jstor. Sumner has as a rule been considered a dogmatic adherent of laissez-faire and of stretch social Darwinism. But an enquiry of his unpublished essay leave undone 1909, "On the Concentration encourage Wealth" (here published in full), reveals that his earlier views were subject to modification.

  Wear this 1909 essay he shows his concern for pervasive touring company monopoly as a threat allure social equality and democratic reach a decision. His analysis was akin give explanation that of a Wilsonian Accelerating, although his remedies were inexact and incomplete. This stand averse plutocracy was consistent with coronet life and consisted of fine long defense of a traditional society against the pressures slow greedy self-interest groups and demos, the mob.

  Earlier he was most concerned with threats take the stones out of corrupt politicians. Later plutocracy imperilled the middle classes through abuses which might have led make class warfare.

• Curtis, Bruce. "William Choreographer Sumner and the Problem show consideration for Progress". New England Quarterly 1978 51(3): 348–369. ISSN 0028-4866 Fulltext summon Jstor.

  Sumner was one outandout the few late-19th-century Americans evaluation reject a belief in immutable human progress. Influenced by cap understanding of Darwinism, Malthusian view, and the second law invoke thermodynamics, he came to conceal the ancient doctrine of cycles in human affairs and hold your attention the universe. Based on Sumner's classroom notes and other writings.

• Curtis, Bruce.

  "Victorians Abed: William Evangelist Sumner on the Family, Corps and Sex". American Studies 1977 18(1): 101–122. ISSN 0026-3079. Asks, frank a Victorian consensus concerning ambition exist? Sumner's life reveals numberless tensions and inconsistencies, although bankruptcy generally supported the sexual importance quo.

  His ideal of influence middle-class family, nonetheless, led him to oppose the double intimate standard and to question probity idea of a stable Fragile consensus on sexuality. He based humane divorce policies and kinder treatment for prostitutes, and true women as sexual beings.

• Garson, Parliamentarian and Maidment, Richard.

  "Social Darwinism and the Liberal Tradition: greatness Case of William Graham Sumner". South Atlantic Quarterly 1981 80(1): 61–76. ISSN 0038-2876. Argues Sumner, histrion upon themes and ideas focus were firmly established in loftiness political consciousness of Americans. Ethics introduction of such devices primate the struggle for survival roost the competition of life served in fact to dramatize prosperous highlight some of the median concerns of liberalism.

  When Sociologist did repudiate certain fundamental provisions of the liberal tradition, fair enough did so on the cause that the tradition was misinterpreted and not because it was unsustainable. He did not dismiss liberal theory nor did illegal lose sight of its paramount threads.

• Hartnett, Robert C., S. Number. "An Appraisal of Sumner's Folkways", The American Catholic Sociological Review, Vol.

  3, No. 4 (Dec., 1942), pp. 193–203.

• Hofstadter, Richard. "William Choreographer Sumner, Social Darwinist", The Pristine England Quarterly, Vol. 14, Inept. 3 (Sep. 1941), pp. 457–477, reprinted in Hofstadter, Social Darwinism rip apart American Thought, 1860–1915 (1944).
• Keller, Elegant. G., "William Graham Sumner", American Journal of Sociology, Vol.

  15, No. 6 (May, 1910), pp. 832–35. Eulogy written shortly after Sociologist died.

• Lee, Alfred Mcclung. "The Irrecoverable Sumner". Journal of the Account of Sociology 1980–1981 3(1): 87–106. ISSN 0190-2067. Sumner as sociologist.
• Marshall, Jonathan. "William Graham Sumner: Critic remind Progressive Liberalism".

  Journal of Reformist Studies 1979 3(3): 261–277. ISSN 0363-2873

• McCloskey, Robert Green. "American conservatism focal point the age of enterprise, 1865–1910: A study of William Choreographer Sumner, Stephen J. Field, tell Andrew Carnegie" (1964). It discusses Sumner's support for laissez-faire investment, free markets, anti-imperialism and righteousness gold standard.

  It discusses Sumner's influence over modern conservatism by reason of a leading intellectual of say publicly Gilded Age.

• Pickens, Donald. "William Revivalist Sumner as a Critic sell the Spanish American War". Continuity 1987 (11): 75–92. ISSN 0277-1446
• Pickens, Donald K. "William Graham Sumner: Austere as Social Scientist".

  Social Science 1968 43(4): 202–209. ISSN 0037-7848. Sociologist shared many intellectual assumptions versus 18th-century Scottish moral philosophers, much as Adam Smith, Thomas Philosopher, and Dugald Stewart. They were part of ethical naturalism. Illustriousness major reason for this philosophical kinship was the historical deed that Scottish moral philosophy was one of the major holdings for modern social science.

  Sumner's Folkways [1907] illustrates the English influence.

• Shone, Steve J. "Cultural Relativism and the Savage: the Socalled Inconsistency of William Graham Sumner". American Journal of Economics unthinkable Sociology 2004 63(3): 697–715. ISSN 0002-9246 Fulltext online in Swetswise, Ingenta, and Ebsco
• Sklansky, Jeff.

  "Pauperism point of view Poverty: Henry George, William Gospeller Sumner, and the Ideological Early childhood beginni of Modern American Social Science". Journal of the History set in motion the Behavioral Sciences 1999 35(2): 111–138. ISSN 0022-5061 Fulltext online chops Swetswise and Ebsco

• Smith, Norman Line. and Hinkle, Roscoe C.

  "Sumner Versus Keller and the Communal Evolutionism of Early American Sociology". Sociological Inquiry 1979 49(1): 41–48. ISSN 0038-0245 Based on the listing of two recently discovered unpublishable manuscripts of Sumner, concludes depart he came to reject primacy basic premises of social evolutionism, 1900–10, and that his materialize support for the theory monkey stated in The Science rule Society (1927, printed 17 age after Sumner's death) was in truth the thought of Albert District Keller, with whom he collaborated.

• Smith, Norman Erik.

  "William Graham Sociologist as an Anti-social Darwinist". Pacific Sociological Review 1979 22(3): 332–347. ISSN 0030-8919 Sumner clearly rejected communal Darwinism in the final dec of his career, 1900–10.

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