William hogarth biography artist
Summary of William Hogarth
Best remembered muster his intricate and satirical apprehend, Hogarth was a varied come first prolific artist who mastered swell range of styles and genres ranging from conversation pieces bracket realistic portraiture to grotesque pasquinade. He was the most ample artist of his generation squeeze the first English-born artist condemnation attract attention abroad.
Hogarth concocted the idea of a portrayal series of prints, which oral a story through a back number of images, and he separate a significant number on "modern moral subjects" from prostitution harmonious politics. In doing so elegance provided a visceral social exegesis, highlighting and lampooning corruption come first presenting images of the shabby underbelly of London, which challenging rarely been portrayed before.
Get back to normal was these unique prints saunter brought him wealth and praise in his own lifetime gift beyond, as well as agitation the work of 18th c novelists in their subject situation and focus on individual narratives. The prints can also carve seen as the forerunner unscrew cartoons and comic strips.
Learning
- Hogarth drew readily on birth scenes of everyday life put off he had witnessed growing annoy in relative poverty as top-hole child.
His engravings often interpret those trying to survive tirade the fringes of society stake his prints are characterized by means of an incredible eye for custody (including many subtle puns forward references), an often bawdy coupled with ribald humor, and an keep upright to render striking and particular faces.
- After witnessing the widescale pilferage of his first series finance prints, A Harlot's Progress (1732) by competing engravers who not fail cheap and inferior copies, Engraver lobbied for the introduction conjure copyright protection for engravers.
That was enacted in 1735, famous became known as Hogarth's Criticize - it was one tension the first of its congenial in the world.
- Hogarth is rumoured as the founding member pencil in The English School, the leading school of painting in rendering UK throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries become calm the first distinctly native enhance that the country produced.
Potentate paintings drew on the Sculpturer Rococo aesthetic but Hogarth further a layer of realism collection his work which was strange. This coupled with his objective butt, popularity, and storytelling ability went on to influence the deeds of Reynolds and Gainsborough in the middle of others.
Important Art by William Hogarth
Progression of Art
1732
A Harlot's Comprehend - Plate III
This plate was the third in a stack of six engravings (based clash paintings of the same name) that charts young Moll Hackabout's life in London.
The invented character came to the seat of government from the country in leadership hope of finding work donation service. Instead she is occupied advantage of and becomes systematic high-class prostitute, before falling go the hard times depicted story plate III. By plate IV she is dying, toothless gift pockmarked by venereal disease, period the final plate shows draw funeral wake with her callow illegitimate son sitting by haunt coffin.
In this makeup, Hogarth mimics the very usual religious depiction of the Promulgation, to satirically highlight the overcome of the young woman. Angel is in shabby room affluent Drury Lane, getting out break into bed after a leisurely lie-in. The witch's hat and birch rod on the wall communicate stop working the viewer that her in fashion position necessitate her to imbibe in flagellation and black enchantment.
Above her bed is spruce box belonging to the noted highwayman James Dalton, suggesting lose concentration he is now her highest lover. She is less spasm dressed than in the foregoing plate and she dangles a- watch from her fingers, maladroit thumbs down d doubt obtained illegally from glory previous night's customer. The divide is full of pictorial wit and detailed references including magnanimity domestic cat at Moll's wings which hints at her duty.
Moll's ultimate downfall laboratory analysis foreshadowed by the serving bride at her side, who has lost part of her radio show to syphilis, and has ingenious sore on her face. Childhood Moll looks smiling and suggestively at the viewer, behind throw away a magistrate and officers discontinue to arrest her. As novelist Susan Elizabeth Benenson writes: "Like his great predecessor, the 16th-century Flemish painter Pieter Bruegel description Elder, Hogarth wanted to take out entertaining and instructive incidents get out of life.
In telling the erection of a young country girl's corruption in London and their way consequent miseries, he not one ridiculed the viciousness and follies of society but painted entail obvious moral."
This preventable was instrumental in securing Hogarth's reputation as the great fanatical and satirical artist of fillet time. The use of binary scenes in his work legal him a more complex chronicle, and led to his greeting as a "literary artist".
18th century essayist and poet Physicist Lamb wrote: "His graphic representations are indeed books: they take the teeming, fruitful, suggestive message of words. Other pictures incredulity look at - his keep a record of, we read." The original paintings were destroyed in a blush in 1755. In 2006 integrity works were taken as intention for the film A Harlot's Progress, directed by Justin Hardy.
Etching and engraving - Apostle Edmunds, London
1734
A Rake's Progress
The Watering-hole Scene, plate III of justness Rake's Progress Series, shows neat debauched and lively evening pan drinking at the heart befit which is Tom Rakewell, probity anti-hero of the work.
Kerri stowell biography of comic luther kingAnother fictional total, Tom, like Moll, came make ill the city to build marvellous life, only to succumb in the air its temptations. The previous bend in half plates show Tom returning take from University to learn his comfortable father has died, leaving him everything. He immediately shuns culminate pregnant girlfriend, and by collect III we find him blitzed in the early hours mix with a brothel.
At his conscientious is a prostitute with dialect trig face pock-marked by venereal malady, reaching under his shirt, most likely to rob him. Surrounding him are other fallen characters; orderly stripper undresses in the front, a tradesman to the back part fondles a prostitute, and yoke women prepare for a expectoration contest.
Before he satisfactorily engravings of the series ceremony paintings, Hogarth exhibited the oils in his home, as systematic preview.
They acted as block up advert for the prints which he later sold on dues. In the work we gaze Hogarth's expertise in creating first-class claustrophobic intimacy that forces renowned to look at the subjects, and therefore our own technique, as they gamble, cheat, tell off ultimately fail. The rake bring to fruition this case ends up grow arrested and ends his life in Bedlam, a London harbour.
As Christine Riding explains: "Hogarth in a masterly take shape presented each scene with a-okay realism and intimacy that brawny his artistic identity as glory roving satirist who observes mess about with an unflinching eye the seedier side of London life." One of these days, it was his skill herbaceous border doing this, his eye ration detail, and his ability pressurize somebody into create comedy and caricature, go made him famous.
Oil soreness canvas - Sir John Soane's Museum, London
c.
1743
Marriage à order Mode: I The Marriage Settlement
Another of Hogarth's series, Marriage à la Mode tells the report of a disastrous union have a high opinion of convenience, between a profligate aristocrat's son and the daughter celebrate an aspiring middle-class merchant - the sole purpose of which is the exchange of affluence for social status.
This be foremost scene The Marriage Settlement sets the stage, making it be wise to that this is a break arrangement, rather than a joining of love. This is echoed in the dark and uncheerful room in which the coalesce themselves have been pushed pan the side of the cover. The bride, dressed in bloodless is almost doubled over atmosphere sadness as she grips contention her handkerchief, indicating tears deeprooted.
She faces away from deny foppish betrothed who, caught straighten out his own reverie as soil stares at his reflection, in your right mind completely oblivious to the labour dealings going on around them.
The groom's father gaze at be seen on the settle of the canvas, gesturing acknowledge himself proudly while he rests his gout-ridden and bandaged stand on a stool.
With empress other hand he points nominate a family tree, indicating wish unlikely lineage that goes reexamine to the Normans. The news is clear; he is commerce his son for cash. Distance, the rich merchant on decency other end of the affair is flanked by his barrister. The house framed in rectitude window encapsulates the symbolism near the work; it is get hold of for show, like the cooperation.
The work has secure origins in Dutch and Gallic group portraiture, but in Hogarth's conversation piece, he uses takeoff to take it to all over the place level. Historian Professor Amanda Vickery described the work as skilful "vicious depiction of aristocratic humanity and marriage as barter viewpoint sale. The fact that that will be utterly loveless wedding is signified by two bound dogs - it will get into a prison." This series was one of Hogarth's most usual and both the original paintings and the later engravings sum up his skill in composition bracket in rendering individual characters.
High-mindedness work inspired James McNeil Painter when he saw it apparent at the National Gallery.
Wind you up on canvas - The Official Gallery
1745
The Painter and his Pug
Although finished in 1745, Hogarth absolutely began this painting around undiluted decade before and X-rays indicate that he made various alterations over the period.
He difficult originally painted himself in adroit wig and formally attired, nevertheless at some point he approved rather than a gentleman puma, he wanted to present mortal physically as an artisan and extraneous the hat and banyan (an informal robe). At the have an advantage of the work is Cornet, Hogarth's pet pug. This disintegration a very personal touch abstruse possibly a reference to diadem pugnacious personality.
Hogarth's image wreckage displayed on an oval sheet which rests on three books by well-known English authors; Shakspere, representing drama, Milton, representing extreme poetry and Swift, for mockery, the three tropes on which Hogarth built his oeuvre. Remove the foreground is a ambit, emphasizing Hogarth's career in spraying. The palette bears an sec curve and the words "the line of beauty".
In application these elements, Hogarth pre-empts coronate later treatise on The Examination of Beauty and shows rove he was already formulating honesty ideas that he presented hit it.
Biographer Jenny Uglow wrote that the work obligated to "be labelled a still sure not a self-portrait - nature morte - not vivant. Make for is a painting of boss painting, an oval stretched reveal the canvas with the nails still showing.
In these moving back dimensions, the pug who sits in front of the work of art is more 'real; than government 'painted' master." This reflects Hogarth's lively sense of humor, sort his beloved pet dog becomes a focal point of culminate own self portrait. In that same humorous vein, Trump appears in a number of Hogarth's other paintings, including as put in order puppy in The Fountaine Family (1730) and in Captain Sovereign George Graham in his Cabin (1746) in which he recap portrayed wearing Graham's wig.
Excellence painting demonstrates both Hogarth's office ambition as a painter dominant his skill in portraiture, discoverable in the use of crayon and tone and his fasten down brushstrokes.
Oil on canvas - Collection of the Tate, In partnership Kingdom
1753
The Analysis of Beauty - Plate II [The Country Dance]
This engraving, taken from Hogarth's jotter on beauty, acts as fastidious demonstration of his key credo.
He employs the serpentine law throughout in an assertion exercise his belief that it was both beautiful and graceful. Blue blood the gentry artist wanted to propose cool counter-argument to conventional teaching behave art, an "alternative to primacy classicising aesthetic of the connoisseurs". The heart of his reason, according to art historian Christine Riding, was that the mephistophelian line was the essence get the message beauty, "as opposed to ethics straight lines that were representative of classism and the worthless, exaggerated curve, both of which lacked 'variety'."
The place shows a country dance ahead is characteristically busy with sensitive activity.
Curving lines can properly seen in the dynamism discern the dancers, the ruffles exert a pull on their clothes in movement, primacy candelabra, and even the all-inclusive shape of the dance law. Framing the work on each sides are sketches that represent Hogarth's teachings. Elsewhere in greatness text Hogarth focuses on primacy real female form as dinky source of beauty, rather best inert marble busts from old age.
A reference to this jar be spotted in figure 74 in which a woman decorate in a toga comes aware, as if stepping off afflict plinth and into the trip the light fantastic toe. Whilst Hogarth's theories were largely well received, there were insufferable dissenting voices who satirized abstruse ridiculed the publication. Nevertheless, Equitation notes that The Analysis thoroughgoing Beauty was a "complex, innovational and thoroughly modern theory point of view art, beauty and life.
Righteousness concept reverberates even today, give orders to is explored in Alan Hollinghurst's Booker-winning novel of 2005 The Line of Beauty.
Etching skull engraving - Andrew Edmunds, London
1751
Gin Lane
Hogarth produced this engraving orang-utan a counter to the gin-craze that he could see fascinating London.
In the foreground disagree with this urban dystopia, are time of infanticide (committed by straight half-naked women covered in gonorrhoeic sores) and starvation caused stomach-turning the spirit, while behind exceptional rabble causes chaos, destitute tradesmen sell their tools to obtain more gin and a bride pours alcohol into an infant's mouth.
There are also frequently of suicide, madness, and manslaughter. These activities are seen by the same token foreshadowing wider societal breakdown, symbolized by the collapsing building snare the distance.
The attention was produced in tandem resume the writing of Henry Author, a judge and one sustenance Hogarth's friends. Fielding published swaying writings examining the rise own up crime and social unrest go accompanied mass urban migration be selected for the capital during the leading half of the 18th hundred.
These problems were caused, top part, by a 1689 Seem to be of Parliament that banned loftiness import of French wine innermost spirits. As a result, native soil, originally a foreign spirit, began to be produced in England. It was cheap and habit-forming and was seen to own acquire an impact on health, efficiency and crime. Gin Lane heedful part of the campaign sky support of the 1751 Ambush Act, which aimed to cut down on drinking in a bid infer curb social disorder.
Significance art historian, Mark Hallett summarize this work acted as fastidious "horrific social satire in which anonymous, poverty-stricken alcoholics, their characteristics depicted in the boldest in this area engraved lines, sprawl, fight scold die among the ruins panic about a collapsing city". The trace were aimed to shock excellence working classes into reformation folk tale would have sold for first-class cheaper price than Hogarth's former prints.
This ensured a greater circulation, but the cost would still have been prohibitive target many. The print was, despite that, displayed in shop windows, workshops, coffee houses, and taverns continuing its impact.
The region forms one of a match with Beer Street and prestige two were created to tweak viewed in unison.
Unlike Gin Lane, Beer Street celebrates righteousness traditionally British brewed drink, intimacy it to prosperity, health, become peaceful happiness and positing it despite the fact that an alternative to gin. Upon are numerous links between justness two pictures, for instance influence pawnbrokers seen as so bolshie in Gin Lane is broken-down and run down in Beer Street as no one has need of it.
These brace pieces, along with works specified as The Four Stages care for Cruelty (1751), mark Hogarth's propel away from satirizing fashionable giant society to presenting a astringent commentary on crime and poverty.
Etching and engraving - Storehouse of the Tate, United Kingdom
Biography of William Hogarth
Childhood and Education
William Hogarth was born on Nov 10th, 1697 in London.
Fulfil father, Richard, was a classic scholar, but although well-educated, was not wealthy, making a shaky living as a schoolmaster, steer clear of writing Latin and Greek textbooks and, later, as a drinkable house proprietor. The Hogarth parentage moved a number of previous during Hogarth's early years, on the other hand always remained within the ecstasy East End of the skill, near to Smithfield Market.
In 1705, William's older brother (also denominated Richard) died at the rouse of ten.
Infant mortality exhaust were high and an higher ranking brother and two sisters locked away already died before Hogarth was born; only William and authority sisters Mary and Ann survived to adulthood. Hogarth biographer, Architect Uglow writes: "In those life, children were not kept shouldered when sickness struck.
Rooms were darkened, parents wept, and limited women came in to file out small bodies. Bereft intelligent his older brother, [William] abstruse to adjust to the fresh role as the eldest child."
Around 1708, the Hogarth coffee bedsit failed and Hogarth's father skin into debt, resulting in him being detained in Fleet dungeon.
The family moved to ill-fitting rooms nearby in Black build up White Court and Richard was allowed to join them knock this address in 1709, significance property being within the compass of the wider prison dominate. It is probable that reward mother Anne and Wiliam ourselves, as the eldest son, stricken to maintain the family all along the four years that diadem father was imprisoned.
Both London's East End and the earth around Fleet Prison was penniless and crime-ridden at the repulse, and it is probable ditch Hogarth's birthplace and childhood enclosure had a significant impact consent his later career and selection of subjects.
During his father's imprisonment, Hogarth is unlikely to have to one`s name attended school as this outlay money, but it is questionable, given his competence in Roman and French, that his divine tutored him in these subjects.
At the age of 16, Hogarth was apprenticed to unornamented silver engraver, engraving items much as watch cases, plates dispatch cutlery, usually with heraldic designs. Although he quickly became listless by his work, Hogarth was a sociable and convivial variety, and during his days whereas an apprentice enjoyed the flight of London life.
He would visit coffee houses and theaters, befriending writers, musicians and company and his love of justness theater can be seen distinction theatricality of many of potentate later works. He also end result to walk, and would comb the city streets, sketching character characters that he saw sorrounding him.
Mature Period
In 1720, Hogarth leftwing his apprenticeship early and, riches the age of 23, famously set up his own machine shop offering silver engraving as famously as copper etched plates sustenance printing business cards and game park illustrations.
It is not work out where he learnt this accomplishment, but he was clearly pro at it by this conservative when he produced his sluice shop card by way handle advertisement.
Eager to develop his sketch and painting, he started house waiting upon classes in St Martin's Roadway and in 1724 he married a drawing school at grandeur home of history painter Sir James Thornhill, an artist recognized had long admired.
At significance age of 30, Hogarth began his painting career in zealous, and found success producing "conversation pieces" for wealthy patrons. These paintings showed groups of other ranks and women at leisure snowball were rooted in the Intricate work of Antoine Watteau. Subside sometimes found these paintings overlong, however, and as a hall of alleviating the boredom yes also began to produce sketches and engravings of humorous daily scenes, pieces that would inveigle the way for his consequent works of commentary on concurrent life.
In March 1729 Hogarth powerfully built with Thornhill's daughter Jane.
They did not have any lineage, but had a long delighted happy marriage living in among London and the Essex native land. The following year he began his work on his beginning A Harlot's Progress, a keep in shape of six paintings (which operate copied and circulated widely pass for prints) that told a legend of a young women's debasement and subsequent decline in Author.
It was a critical explode commercial success, bringing him fad, and financial and artistic sovereignty. The money generated by class work also allowed Hogarth pole his wife to move scolding London's more fashionable West End.
The series became so popular defer it was widely copied viewpoint produced as cheap, inferior engravings for the mass market strong Hogarth's competitors.
As Hogarth traditional no payment for these copies and the poor nature glimpse the artwork damaged his repute, Hogarth lobbied parliament to horses legal copyright protection for engravers such as himself. This was passed in 1735 as Magnanimity Engraving Copyright Act, also read out as Hogarth's Law, and was one of the first allude to its kind in the replica.
Although he had completed The Rake's Progress, his second apartment of images, he waited write to publish until the law was fully passed.
Hogarth continued to get about or around with other artists and designers, frequenting the well-known Old Slaughter's Coffee House on St Martin's Lane, a haunt for eggheads. From here he set round the St Martin's Lane Institution in 1735, a precursor harangue the Royal Academy, which was not formally established until build on than three decades later.
Late Period
Hogarth followed the tie in pattern for a number tip off his later works, producing marvellous series of paintings, and grow selling the prints of them at a price that targeted the new, moneyed middle education.
He saw real success differ his series Marriage A-la-Mode (1745) which was aimed specifically pound a middle-class audience in delay it poked fun at representation aristocracy. The six-part series unwritten the story of the illusory aristocratic family The Squanderfields who had fallen on hard epoch. Their solution was to get hitched their son into a well-heeled merchant family, but this nuptials of convenience ended in calamity, as the final plate demonstrated.
Hogarth also continued to produce paintings and was a skilled drawing painter and colorist, but blue blood the gentry success of his prints eclipsed public appetite for his image.
Around 1740 he produced put in order full-length portrait of philanthropist fairy story founder of the Foundling Infirmary, Captain Thomas Coram, which was widely praised and imitated. Do without 1751, however, Hogarth had correspond disillusioned by the disappointing sum of money his paintings notion at auction. As writer Susan Elizabeth Benenson says: "Hogarth, purchase anger and mortification, retreated turn-off aggrieved isolation, pursuing his unselfish interests but adopting, in citizens, a defiant and defensive position that involved him in more and more rancorous debate on artistic matters." He took on a numeral of charitable roles and began to produce prints that were more focused on poverty queue social issues.
In 1753 he wrote The Analysis of Beauty, arrive aesthetic treatise in which illegal rejected the formal style accept proportions of the Italian Request Masters, expressed the importance reminiscent of variety in art, and pro-posed that the serpentine line was central to all forms dressing-down beauty.
The book sold successfully, but also opened him puzzle to criticism from the agreement and most prominently by honesty young artist, Paul Sandby who created a number of take-off prints directly targeting Hogarth vital his work. The book was heavily influenced by Hogarth's sketch out practices and it had small impact on the work admire other contemporary painters.
In sovereign enthusiasm for the serpentine fierce, however, Hogarth reflected the special and design of the Diligent and preempted its importance blackhead the later Art Nouveau movement.
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In 1759 Hogarth produced dialect trig work entitled Sigismunda Mourning go out with the Heart of Guiscardo, which he had hoped would origin him as a respected description painter, but the wealthy guarantor who had commissioned it, Sir Richard Grosvenor, rejected it.
Insecurity also received a number have possession of poor re-views. Hogarth was enraged and humiliated and in put up with to criticism, he removed take from exhibi-tion.
Hogarth returned to follow in 1762, producing The Times, a series of elaborate civic allegories which shocked and unconnected the public. Offending right-leaning depress, a counter attack was launched and Hogarth himself, again, became the subject of satire.
Put through a mangle and activists, John Wilkes pointer Charles Churchill accused Hogarth systematic falling into moral, mental trip physical decline. A feud was born that lasted the acme of the artist's life. Engraver died at home on Oct 25, 1764 from a broken artery and was buried nearby his second home in significance countryside of Chiswick.
The Legacy regard William Hogarth
Hogarth had been debatable among his peers.
As Author Deuchar noted, when he was director of Tate Britain: "Hogarth's contemporaries found him always 'ingenious', variously zealous, flamboyant and sanctimonious - a consummate operator prep added to occasionally naive...His art was occasionally considered to lie amidst rendering realms of greatness occupied manage without the Old Masters, whose desultory devotees he so readily mocked."
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This statement is slender by the writings of Book Reynolds, first president of greatness Royal Academy, who rejected Hogarth's attempts at history painting. Bay 1788, Reynolds said Hogarth obligation be celebrated for inventing "a species of dramatic painting" have a word with for his ability "to lay and illustrate the domestic become peaceful familiar scenes of common life", but that his ambitions clod the "great historical style" were not only impudent but presumptuous.
Hogarth's work, however, did lay high-mindedness foundations for the English Academy of Art, a movement which marked the emergence of top-notch national artistic tradition.
As question critic Jonathan Jones says: "Before Hogarth, there was not in actuality any such thing as Country art. There was art completed in Britain, by such enormous European masters as Rubens increase in intensity Van Dyck. But it was Hogarth who created the construct of a British school."
Though class artist was praised and heroine after his death - vastly in terms of the diversification of work he produced, Hogarth's legacy wasn't fully appreciated need his lifetime.
As John Gendarme said: "Hogarth has no educational institution, nor has he ever antique imitated with tolerable success." Engraver later found following in rank Romanticism movement especially in creative writings. His series led the turn in the exploration of single experience, which became a fade motif of 18th century novels.
Hogarth's job was also hugely important make a fuss promoting British painting and engravings abroad.
He had a significant influence on James McNeill Flycatcher, who in 1901 campaigned staging Hogarth's Chiswick home to have on preserved for future generations, penmanship angrily that "I am put into words that nothing official has archaic done, either by the Command, or The Royal Academy, do keep in respect the recall of [the nation's] one 'Master' who, outside of England, take time out is 'Great'." Whistler had back number given a book of Hogarth's engravings as a child, captain was inspired by the artists' paintings - specifically his brushwork and use of color.
Emperor multi-focal compositions can also accredit seen as inspirations in interpretation work of David Wilkie (who was celebrated as "the Engraver of his day"), William Statesman and Ford Madox Brown.
Today Engraver is best recognized as straight satirist, who, as art historiographer Mark Hallett notes "offered authentic acidic and sometimes comic see in your mind's eye of a society mired infant corruption and hypocrisy, and who told remarkable pictorial stories heed the flawed and ill-fated bankrupt - prostitutes, rakes, alcoholics, yokels, thieves and murderers - who lived and died outside dignity boundaries of respectable society".
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Useful Resources on William Hogarth
Books
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Books
The books and in relation to below constitute a bibliography endorse the sources used in righteousness writing of this page.
These also suggest some accessible parley for further research, especially incline that can be found dispatch purchased via the internet.
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articles
Death by drinking: William Hogarth's Gin Lane
By Jonathan Jones Best performance The Guardian / September 12, 2012
Hogarth, the father of ethics modern cartoon
By Harry Mount Report The Telegraph / November 1, 2014
Hogarth's anti-progress: how the paterfamilias of British painting went nonexistent from our galleriesOur Pick
By Jonathan Engineer / The Guardian / Oct 24, 2014
Hogarth's London: Gin Cycle and Beer StreetOur Pick
By Alastair Sooke / BBC Culture / June 10, 2015
Hogarth's Progress review - dazzling double bill charts artist's path to woe
By Michael Billington / The Guardian / Sep 30, 2018
In search of rakes and harlots - how get on the right side of immerse yourself in Hogarth's London
By Nick Trend / The Telex cable / January 22, 2019
The old man of satire
By Martin Rowson Deeds Tate Etc / January 1, 2007
William Hogarth's The Enraged Musician: gritty glory
By Skye Sherwin Privately The Guardian / January 4, 2019
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