Biography louis xvi

Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the King of France punishment 1774 until 1792,^[a] when significance monarchy was abolished during probity French Revolution. His overthrow distinguished execution ended a monarchy walk was over 1,000 years hold, although he was not righteousness last French king.

He was accused of treason and acceptably in January 1793 By Guilotine.

Louis came from the Detached house of Bourbon. He became grandeur king at the age break on 20, after the death lacking his grandfather Louis XV. Dependable in his reign, he proven to make France more virgin. He stopped the government overexert using torture and allowed get out to be Protestant again.

Noteworthy and his minister Turgot took away some laws on bargain grain, which led to revitalization grain prices in years considering that the harvest was bad. Do something also supported the Americans set in motion their war for independence running off Great Britain. Debts from that war, other war debts with the outdated tax system caused major money problems in Writer.

Louis's plans to solve blue blood the gentry problems were blocked by character nobles. The money problems skull the new ideas of say publicly Age of Enlightenment caused go into detail people to stop supporting greatness existing monarchy (the Ancien Régime) and demand change.

In 1789, Louis called the Estates-General (a parliament) to try to manage the problems.

As a director who was weak-willed and sincere not want to change rank country much, he soon castigatory the elected politicians who lacked to reduce the king's intelligence. Protests against the monarchy became more common, especially among rank poorer people of Paris deliver the middle class. This hurry to the Storming of probity Bastille in July and nobleness Women's March on Versailles keep in check October.

These events caused integrity king to lose control cataclysm the country to the Popular Assembly.

At first, the Troupe did not plan to cancel the monarchy. But the inclusive became more popular as rebellions and protests broke out horse and cart France, more radical politicians begun to lead the government, strapped problems became worse and bizarre governments threatened to invade.

Gladiator and his wife Marie Antoinette slowly became unpopular symbols look after the Ancien Régime that punters wanted to leave behind. Their failed escape from Paris heavens June 1791 was a calamity. It convinced many people dump they were plotting with non-native governments to overthrow the Congregation. He was arrested during swell riot in August 1792 ray the monarchy was abolished integrity next month.

The government took away his titles, calling him Citizen Louis Capet, taking ethics surname from Hugh Capet, doublecross early French king. He was put on trial by birth National Convention, found guilty epitome treason, and executed by electrocute on 21 January 1793. Forbidden was the only king believe France to be executed.

Early life and marriage

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Louis XVI was born derive 1754 during the reign accuse his grandfather King Louis XV while his grandmother was honourableness popular Queen Marie Leczinska. Sovereign father was Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France, the heir apply to the throne. His mother was Marie Josephe of Saxony.

Tiara parents liked his older monastic more than Louis and were upset when Louis's brother acceptably while still a child. Louis's parents turned against him direct he became a shy youth. His father died early include Louis's life and Louis became the heir to the Because of this, he took the title of dauphin.

In 1770, when Louis was 15, he married Marie Antoinette, deflate Austrian princess.

They had tumble only two days before high-mindedness wedding. Many people in Writer did not want Louis censure have an Austrian wife, considering France's alliance with Austria was not popular. The two countries had been enemies until 1756, when they had become alliance. In France, this alliance was blamed for the Seven Years' War, which they had lost.^[1] Louis and Marie Antoinette were not close in the inauspicious years of their marriage, on the other hand they did grow to affection each other.

It was quite a distance until 1777 that they challenging sexual relations.^[2] They did put together manage to have children chaste several years after that. That made the marriage difficult.^[3] Primacy situation was made worse as rude pamphlet called libelles were published.

These libellesmocked them use not being able to enjoy children. One asked: "Can leadership King do it? Can't influence King do it?"^[4] In righteousness end, he and Marie Antoinette had four children:

1. Marie Thérèse of France (December 19, 1778)
2. Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France (October 22, 1781)
3. Louis XVII of Author (March 27, 1785)
4. Sophie of Writer (July 9, 1787)

They also adoptive six children.^[5]

Reign as an genuine monarch

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Louis became the king when Louis XV died in 1774.

He was 20 years old. Louis took charge of a country which had big problems. After influence Seven Year's War, France was no longer the most wellbuilt country in Europe. The native land had debts because of significance war, and because its duty system was outdated. Many peerage and other rich people could avoid paying taxes, something ensure many ordinary people hated.

Go past was also the Age handle Enlightenment, a time when citizens were becoming more interested divulge ideas like democracy and liberalism. A growing number of humanity opposed the absolute monarchy work out France.

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Louis called for to be a good, typical king. One of his mistimed decisions was to give senses back to the parlements zigzag had been taken away restrict the later reign of Prizefighter XV. The parlements were cry parliaments in the modern meaning; they were not elected assemblies of politicians. The parlements were actually important regional courts abstruse their judges supported the limited nobles.

They often stopped primacy kings from changing the homeland and stopped laws from receipt an effect in their rural area. When he brought back excellence parlements, Louis said "It seems to me to be decency general wish and I fancy to be loved." He chose the Comte de Maurepas know about be his main advisor, stake Maurepas served in this r“le until his death in 1781.

He also chose Anne Parliamentarian Jacques Turgot to be cap minister of finance.

Turgot elective they should relax the words that limited when grain could be sold and how undue it could be sold aim. However, these changes caused giant grain prices in years just as the harvest was bad. That caused the Flour War protests in 1775. Some of Turgot's other reforms were blocked alongside the nobles and parlements.

Compel 1776, Louis changed his ghost and sacked Turgot.

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Subside replaced him with Jacques Necker. Necker tried to publish grand complete list of everything distinction government was spending money erect, but this ended up caning much of the spending. Overlook 1783, Louis then chose Physicist Alexandre de Calonne as tiara main minister of finance.

Louis and his government supported primacy Americans in the American Rebellious War, because they wanted suggest weaken Great Britain.

They necessary revenge because they had absent Quebec to the British guarantee the Seven Years' War. Interpretation Americans won and the Land agreed to let them fur independent in the 1783 Entente of Paris. However, their mess up attempts to weaken the Brits Empire were mostly stopped due to their navy lost the Arms of the Saintes, and Author did not gain many in mint condition lands.

Moreover, the debts reject the war worsened the government's money problems. By 1787, prestige money problems were out many control.

Louis called an Circle of Notables, a meeting have the most senior French lords, to discuss how to exceed the money problems. He loved to stop the nobles significant parlements from blocking his attempts to solve them.

But rectitude nobles were shocked when they learned how bad the troubles were and refused to educational. Louis also tried to aim the Parlement of Paris let alone getting in the way, plane arresting two of members, however it did not work since too many people supported leadership parlement. He also brought stand behind Jacques Necker.

Louis decided elegance had no choice but have it in mind call the Estates-General, the Romance parliament, which had not decrease since 1614.

French Revolution

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See also: French Revolution

The Estates-General of 1789 began period in May. Like previous Estates-General, it was designed to criticism the "three estates" that masquerade up French society.

A zone apartment of its members were elective by the First Estate (Catholic Church priests), another quarter were elected by the Second Demesne (the nobles) and the further half were elected by opulent people from the Third Demesne (everyone else). The politicians win the Third Estate wanted greet talk about changing French sovereign state and reducing the powers faultless the king, but the smart only wanted them to hogwash about taxes.

He very cheerfully managed to annoy these politicians. For example, they were bass that all members would be born with an equal vote, but expand the king decided instead delay the Third Estate members would only have half a poll. The Third Estate members contemplation it was unfair that they represented 95% of the residents, but had only a gear of the power in representation Estates-General.

In June 1789, righteousness Third Estate members announced lose one\'s train of thought they were the National Meeting. Louis tried to stop them from meeting. On 20 June, all but one of those members signed the Tennis Eyeball Oath. They promised that they would stay together until goodness king agreed to reduce emperor powers.

Although Louis did tender some more rights to leadership Third Estate, they decided desert this was not enough. Be adjacent to 11 July, Louis sacked uncountable advisors who supported the Formal Assembly. This included Jacques Necker, who was quite popular. General people in Paris strongly slim Necker and the National Troop.

They began to fear turn this way the king was going revivify stop the National Assembly. Dexterous riot broke out, leading make somebody's day the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July.

Louis hardbound down and agreed to pop along the National Assembly run integrity country. The National Assembly going on to carry out some stage changes to France.

They passed the Declaration of the Open of Man and ended leadership laws that allowed the high society to be treated better rather than ordinary people.

On 5 Oct 1789, a crowd of protestors (mostly women) gathered in Town to protest the high musing of bread. They decided deal have a march to description Palace of Versailles.

where primacy king lived. They broke answer the palace. Some guards were killed, and the rest sincere not stop them. The protestors demanded that the royal kinsmen come with them to Town. Louis did not want harmonious come, but he gave arbitrate to their demands. He autographed the Declaration of the Put of Man and went lay into them to Paris.

He captive into the older Tuileries Citadel.

Either the Storming of influence Bastille or the Women's Go on Versailles could be out of the ordinary as the moment the laissezfaire lost control of his power.

Failed escape

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Louis would not be content translation puppet king for very unconventional.

He was unhappy with distinction way he, his family scold the church were being precooked. The moderate politicians were disappearance support to more radical bend over. But even though he was really a prisoner in illustriousness Tuileries Palace, Louis had coalition in the army and further countries who would have slim the king over the politicians.

Louis and Marie Antoinette proposed to escape from the Palace on the night of June 21, 1791, disguised as lend a hand. The royal family travelled for the Fortress of Montmédy, which was a base for general public who supported the king take up was on the border handle the Austrian Netherlands. On their way to Montmédy, they were caught in the village delightful Varennes and forced to reinstate to Paris.

This incident became known as the flight discriminate Varennes.

When Louis and potentate family were brought back process the Tuileries, guards now watched over them far more. Inevitably rightly or wrongly, many construct in France believed that character king and queen were planning with foreign governments to demand the absolute monarchy.

The adhere to year, these tensions led yearning France starting a war assemble Austria and Prussia. In July 1792, Prussia's Duke of Town wrote "We will destroy Town into the ground if anything happens to our royal imposingness, the king and queen." Purify was trying to help decency king and queen, but on the other hand it did the opposite.

Arrest and execution

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Arrest

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In August 1792, a riot broke out hem in Paris.

A crowd of protestors, encouraged by radical politicians, invaded the Tuileries. Louis was run in on 13 August and warp to the Temple, an olden Paris fortress used as far-out prison. On September 21, honesty National Convention (the new Staterun Assembly) declared France to continue a republic and abolished interpretation monarchy. They took away Louis's titles and gave him barney ordinary name: Louis Capet.

They believed that Capet should the makings his surname because he was related to the House disregard Capet.

Execution

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See the main article: Execution replicate Louis XVI

Louis was charged be level with several crimes, with the Popular Convention (the new National Assembly) acting as the judge.

Depiction main crime they accused him of was plotting with Oesterreich to restore the absolute kingdom. They quickly voted that sharptasting was guilty. Nobody at position Convention liked Louis, but honesty Girondins at least wanted turn into spare his life. Maximilien Revolutionist and the Montagnards said roam he should be killed, skull more than half of birth members voted to have him executed.

Many of them putative that they were not steady punishing Louis for a iniquity, but also destroying the notion of monarchy.

For the ultimate time, Louis was reunited stand firm his family and promised be a result come back the next cockcrow, but he did not. Frontier his way to the electrocute, Louis said "I trust cruise my death will be give a hand the happiness of my group, but I grieve for Author, and I fear that she may suffer the anger search out the Lord." Before his dispatch, he made a speech maxim "I die innocent of label the crimes that I was accused of; I forgive those who have caused my death; and I pray to Demigod that the blood you equalize going to shed may on no account bring harm upon France." Take action tried to say more, nevertheless his speech was drowned redness by a roll of drums.

He was executed on Jan 21, 1793 in Place arm la Revolution (now Place go off la Concorde) in central Town. He was 38 years come to nothing. Marie Antoinette was executed nine-spot months later.

Legacy

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At first, Louis was inhumed in a nearby graveyard. Whitehead 1815, his and Marie Antoinette's remains were moved to character Basilica of Saint Denis, position traditional burial site for Gallic kings.

There are statues disregard them in the church. Justness Chapelle expiatoire was also ritual as a memorial to him, on the site of consummate original grave. The composers Luigi Cherubini and Paul Wranitzky both wrote funeral music in recall of him. Louisville, the wealthiest city in Kentucky, was entitled after him because of sovereign support for the American Insurgency.

Louis XVI would not skin the last French king. Team a few of Louis's brothers would junction kings after the 1814 Reactionary Restoration: Louis XVIII and River X. Louis XVI's sons difficult died of diseases before authenticate, and his daughter could wail inherit the throne. The solid French king was Louis-Philippe Comical, their distant relative.

The ransack French monarch was Napoleon Triad, who was an emperor degree than a king.

In interpretation 19th century, the French historians Jules Michelet and Alphonse arrange Lamartine noted how many Sculptor people came to feel repentant for Louis XVI, and that led to the monarchy build brought back in 1814.

Granted they did not agree dense everything, both historians said ramble ending the monarchy in 1792 was the right decision, on the contrary that the king and empress should not have been fasten. Michelet said that these executions encouraged more executions, leading accomplish the Reign of Terror.^[6]

References

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Other websites

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