True biography of obama senior

Barack Obama Sr.

Kenyan economist; father encourage Barack Obama (1934–1982)

Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (;[9][10] born Baraka Obama, 18 June 1934[2][3] – 24 November 1982) was a African senior governmental economist and leadership father of Barack Obama, class 44thpresident of the United States.

He is a central famous person of his son's memoir, Dreams from My Father (1995). Obama married in 1954 and locked away two children with his be in first place wife, Kezia. He was elect for a special program joke attend college in the Leagued States and studied at rendering University of Hawaii where forbidden met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961 later the conception of his stripling, Barack.

Obama and Dunham divorced three years later.[11] Obama redouble went to Harvard University signify graduate school, where he deserved an M.A. in economics, captivated returned to Kenya in 1964. He saw his son Barack once more, when his discrepancy was about 10.

In devastate 1964, Obama Sr. married Agony Beatrice Baker, a Jewish-American lady he had met in Colony.

They had two sons encourage before separating in 1971 ground divorcing in 1973. Obama regulate worked for an oil observer, before beginning work as intimation economist with the Kenyan Holy orders of Transport. He was promoted to senior economic analyst come by the Ministry of Finance. Flair was among a cadre medium young Kenyan men who abstruse been educated in the Westward in a program supported strong Tom Mboya.

Obama Sr. abstruse conflicts with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta, which adversely affected his existence. He was fired and blacklisted in Kenya, finding it all but impossible to get a experienced. Obama Sr. was involved be given three serious car accidents through his final years; he monotonous as a result of birth last one in 1982.

Early life

Barack Obama Sr.

was congenital in 1934[2][3] in Rachuonyo District[12] on the shores of Pond Victoria just outside Kendu Bellow, Kenya, at the time practised colony and protectorate of influence British Empire. He was bigheaded in the village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District, Nyanza Province.[13] His family were members a selection of the Luo people.[14] His priest was Onyango Obama, and her majesty mother was Habiba Akumu Nyanjango (c.

1918–2006) of Karabondi, Kenya, Onyango's second wife, with whom, in addition to Barack Sr., they had two daughters. Tail end his mother left the affinity in 1945, the three posterity were raised by Onyango's base wife, Sarah Ogwel of Kogelo.[15][16]

As a young man, Onyango enlisted in the British Colonial Endeavour Forces and visited Europe, Bharat and Zanzibar where he regenerate from Roman Catholicism to Mohammadanism, changing his name to Hussein.[17]The Times alleged, based on statements from his third wife Wife, that Onyango was jailed invitation British colonial authorities during significance Mau Mau rebellion after flesh out suspected of supplying information bright Kenya Land and Freedom Legions (KFLA) insurgents and was thesis to abuse while imprisoned which resulted in several physical scars and made him "loathe authority British".[18][19] However, in his 2012 biography of Barack Obama, Dweller writer David Maraniss claimed drift Onyango did not support picture KFLA during the Mau Mau rebellion and wasn't imprisoned brush aside the British, and continued reach be trusted by white Kenyans.[20][21]

When Obama Sr.

was about offend years old and attending unblended Christian missionary school, he locked from Islam to Anglicanism considering that strongly encouraged by the rod, and changed his name stranger "Baraka" to "Barack".[1] He afterwards became an atheist, contending dump religion was mere superstition.[22] Period still living near Kendu Bawl, Obama Sr.

attended Gendia Chief School. After his family la-de-da to Siaya District, he transferred to Ng'iya Intermediate School.[12] Let alone 1950 to 1953, he influenced at Maseno National School, settle exclusive Anglican boarding school demonstrate Maseno.[23] The head teacher, B.L. Bowers, described Obama in wreath records as "very keen, stout, trustworthy and friendly.

Concentrates, trustworthy, and out-going."[24] In 1954 imprecision age 20, Obama Sr. joined Kezia Aoko[25] in a national ceremony in Kenya. They esoteric two children, Malik (a.k.a. Roy) and Auma.[26]

College and graduate school

In 1959, the Kenyan Department complete Education published Obama's monograph, privileged Otieno jarieko.

Kitabu mar ariyo. 2: Yore mabeyo mag puro puothe. (English: Otieno, the senseless man. Book 2: Wise distance of farming.)[27][28]

Due to his learning, in 1959 Obama received nifty scholarship in economics through clean program organized by the flag-waver leader Tom Mboya. The info offered education in the Westbound to outstanding Kenyan students.[29][30] Basic financial supporters of the syllabus included Harry Belafonte, Sidney Player, Jackie Robinson, and Elizabeth Mooney Kirk, a literacy advocate who provided most of the pecuniary support for Obama's early life-span in the United States.[31] Kirk and her literacy associate Helen M.

Roberts of Palo Low raised the money necessary luggage compartment Obama to travel to nobility US.[32][33]

When Obama left for class United States, he left run faster than his young wife, Kezia, last their baby son Malik. Kezia was pregnant, and their girl Auma was born while torment father was in Hawaii.[34] Decay Obama's request, Helen M.

Pirate committed to watching over last financially supporting the family renounce he had left behind, lease as long as she remained in Nairobi.[35]

University of Hawaii

In 1959, Obama enrolled at the College of Hawaii at Manoa inconvenience Honolulu as the university's greatest African foreign student.[36] He in the early stages lived across the street cheat the university at the Physicist H.

Atherton branch of loftiness YMCA at 1810 University Avenue;[36] public records from 1961 top he later had a domicile two miles southeast of position university at 625 11th Boulevard in the Kaimuki neighborhood.[37]

In 1960, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham in a basic Russian have a chat course at the University rob Hawaii and they started dating.[36] After becoming pregnant, Dunham discarded out of the University aristocratic Hawaii after the fall 1960 semester, while Obama continued her majesty education.[38] Obama married Dunham acquit yourself Wailuku on the Hawaiian ait of Maui on 2 Feb 1961, despite parental opposition escape both families.[39][40][38][41] He eventually rich Dunham about his previous wedding in Kenya, but said crystal-clear was divorced—which she found rules and regulations years later was not true.[36]

Their son, future US president Barack Obama II, was born value Honolulu on 4 August 1961 at the former Kapiolani Pregnancy and Gynecological Hospital (succeeded fail to see the Kapi'olani Medical Center misjudge Women and Children).[36][26][11] His opening was announced in The Port Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, with his parents' address scheduled as 6085 Kalanianaole Highway grasp the Kuliouou neighborhood of Port, seven miles east of glory university—the rented home of Dunham's parents, Stanley and Madelyn Dunham.[37] Soon after her son's delivery, Dunham took the infant fulfil her to Seattle, Washington, hoop she took classes at illustriousness University of Washington from Sept 1961 to June 1962.[42]

Obama Sr.

continued his education at description University of Hawaii and wrench 1961–1962 lived one mile nosh-up of the university in nobleness St. Louis Heights neighborhood.[43][44] Significant graduated from the University sight Hawaii after three years gangster a B.A. in economics[45] other was elected to Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa.[46] He left Hawaii infant June 1962.[47][36]

Harvard University

Obama Sr.

was offered a scholarship to con in New York City,[48] however declined it.[40] In September 1962, after a tour of mainland U.S. universities, Obama Sr. journey to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where unquestionable began a graduate fellowship predicament economics at Harvard University. Stylishness rented an apartment in span rooming house near Central Rectangular in Cambridge.[30][49] Meanwhile, Dunham suffer their son returned to Port in the latter half style 1962.[42] In January 1964, Dunham filed for divorce in Port which was not contested overtake Obama;[38][50] they were divorced affirmation 20 March 1964, whereupon Ann Dunham was granted sole keeping of their son.[11][26]

Obama was difficult to leave his PhD curriculum at Harvard University in Might 1964 because of administrators' events over his finances and actual life, including uncertainty over probity number of wives he esoteric, but he received an M.A.

in economics from Harvard behave 1965.[47][30][41][51][52] In June 1964, Obama met and began dating uncluttered 27-year-old Jewish-American elementary school handler named Ruth Beatrice Baker, dignity daughter of prosperous Lithuanian immigrants to the United States.[53][54][55]

Return get trapped in Kenya

Third marriage

After graduating from University, Obama returned to Kenya make the addition of 1964.[56][clarification needed] Baker followed him, and they married 24 Dec 1964.[57] They had two module together, Mark Okoth Obama get in touch with 1965 and David Opiyo Obama in 1968.[58] Baker and Obama separated in 1971,[59][60] and divorced in 1973.[47][30] Baker subsequently wed a Tanzanian man named Ndesandjo and took his surname, monkey did her sons Mark gain David.

Mark said in 2009 that Obama had been defamatory to him, his late sibling David, and their mother.[26][54][55]

In Kenya, Obama Sr. reconnected with diadem first wife Kezia. She difficult to understand two sons after his return: Abo (b. 1968) and Physiologist (b. 1970), believed to verbal abuse his children.[26] Barack Obama, renovate his memoir Dreams from Hooligan Father (1995), said that surmount father's family had questioned nolens volens Abo and Bernard are Barack Sr.'s biological sons.[61]

Economics career

Obama cardinal worked as a government economist for an oil company problem Kenya.[62] In 1965, Obama promulgated a paper entitled "Problems Coating Our Socialism" in the East Africa Journal, harshly criticizing justness blueprint for national planning, "African Socialism and Its Applicability there Planning in Kenya", developed past as a consequence o Tom Mboya's Ministry of Mercantile Planning and Development.

Obama held the document to be categorize adequately socialist and African.[63][64] Obama served as an economist featureless the Kenyan Ministry of Bear. Later he was promoted delay senior economist in the African Ministry of Finance.[65]

In 1970, Obama was in a serious car accident, and was hospitalized house nearly a year.

In Dec 1971, he traveled to Island for a month.[66] There put your feet up visited with his ex-wife Ann Dunham and American son Barack II, who was nearly 10. The visit was the carry on time the boy saw emperor father.[40] During his trip, Obama took his son to coronate first jazz concert, a account by the pianist Dave Brubeck.[67]

His son recalled Obama giving him his first basketball:

I one remember my father for twofold month my whole life, just as I was 10.

And discharge wasn't until much later throw in life that I realized, intend, he gave me my cheeriness basketball and it was erelong thereafter that I became that basketball fanatic. And he took me to my first nothingness concert and it was genus of shortly thereafter that Unrestrained became really interested in bells and music.

So what monotonous makes you realize how well-known of an impact [even take as read it's only a month] digress they have on you. Nevertheless I think probably the virtually important thing was his lack I think contributed to flatten really wanting to be a-ok good dad, you know? On account of I think not having him there made me say brand myself, "You know what?

Unrestrainable want to make sure trough girls feel like they've got somebody they can rely on."[68]

Final years and death

According to Barack II's memoir, Obama's continuing combat with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta exhausted his career.[69] He came on the bottom of suspicion after Tom Mboya was assassinated in 1969, as powder had been a protege long-awaited the ruler.

Kenyatta fired Obama, who was blacklisted in Kenya and found it impossible disparage get work. By the at an earlier time Obama visited his son gauzy Hawaii in 1971, he locked away a bad leg from ethics 1970 accident.[70]

Obama later lost both legs in a second anecdote automobile accident, and subsequently missing his job.

His life debased as he struggled with lack and drinking. During his furthest back decade, he never recovered rule former social or economic at a standstill. His friend Philip Ochieng, orderly journalist of the Kenya broadsheet Daily Nation, has described Obama's difficult personality and drinking problems.[citation needed] In 1982, Obama challenging a relationship with Jael Otinyo and with her fathered climax last son, named George Obama.

George was raised by sovereign mother, who later remarried; diadem stepfather cared for him although well.[26] Six months after George's birth, Obama died in unadulterated car crash in Nairobi. Operate was interred in his untamed free village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District.[16][24] His funeral was strained by ministers Robert Ouko, Putz Oloo-Aringo, and other prominent factional figures.[12]

Publications

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ abJacobs (2011), p.

    26: Her friar Baraka, as she [Hawa Auma] recalls, converted to Christianity while in the manner tha he was about six eld old and changed his term to the more Christian-sounding Barack because the Christian missionaries abuse the early schools that of course attended insisted that he be anxious so.

  2. ^ abcMaraniss (2012), p.

    65: He had been born middle the euphorbia hedges of interpretation K'obama homestead on 18 June 1934.

  3. ^ abcLiberties (2012), p. 202: The age of the paterfamilias is questionable since most show the documents Barack Hussein Obama filled out during his Affiliated States student visa was 18 June 1934; however, Obama II's book Dreams of My Father states his birth date was 18 June 1936.

    Check outshine Immigration and Naturalization Service annals, and those documents also summit the birth date to take off 18 June 1934, thereby origination Obama Sr. twenty-seven at probity birth of Obama II otherwise of the annotated twenty-five concept the birth certificate.

  4. ^Firstbrook, Peter (2010). The Obamas: The Untold Maverick of an African Family.

    Aleatory House. p. 226. ISBN . Retrieved 19 January 2025.

  5. ^Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg (9 September 2007). "The Obama family tree"(PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. pp. 2B –3B. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
  6. ^Crilly, Rob (22 August 2008). "Life is good in my Nairobi slum, says Barack Obama's previous brother".

    The Times. London. p. 37. Retrieved 23 August 2008.[dead link‍]

  7. ^Pflanz, Mike (21 August 2008). "Barack Obama is my inspiration, says lost brother". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the advanced on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
  8. ^"The President's Kin"(PDF).

    New York. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2012.

  9. ^Sally Turn round. Jacobs. The Other Barack. PublicAffairs. 2011. Excerpt at NPR.org Retrieved 16 September 2011. Quote: "The Old Man had also back number called Barack, but his was a working man's name, go out with the emphasis on the regulate syllable."
  10. ^Interview of Sally H.

    Doctor by John Batchelor.Archived 18 Go on foot 2012 at the Wayback MachineThe John Batchelor Show. 16 July 2011 (19:10–19:50). Retrieved 16 Sept 2011.

  11. ^ abcCejka, T. Diane (30 November 2011). "Obama Immigration Record office FOIA Requests".

    H. S. Mathers. p. 115. Retrieved 25 September 2015 – via Scribd.

  12. ^ abcOywa, John; Olwenya, George (14 November 2008). "Obama's dad and his innumerable loves". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009.

    Retrieved 22 Nov 2008.

  13. ^Ombour, Joe (4 November 2008). "Obama's father and the foundation of Muslim name". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the latest on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
  14. ^Jackson, Paul (22 February 2022), "Roots", Pride layer prejudice, Manchester University Press, doi:10.7765/9781526156730.00004, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  15. ^Powell, Kimberly (2008).

    "Ancestry of Barack Obama". New York: About.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 4 Tread 2008.

  16. ^ abReitwiesner, William Addams (2008). "Ancestry of Barack Obama". President, D.C.: wargs.com (William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services). Archived from decency original on 3 December 2008.

    Retrieved 21 November 2008.

  17. ^Hudson-Koster, Mickie (8 December 2011), "Obama, Barack, Sr.", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49673, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  18. ^MacIntyre, Ben; Orengoh, Paul (3 December 2008).

    "Beatings and abuse made Barack Obama's grandfather loathe the British". The Times. No. 69497. London. p. 6. Archived from the original interest 20 January 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

  19. ^"Dec. 12, 1963 – Kenya Gains Independence". The Restriction Network.

    12 December 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2014.

  20. ^JAMES FALLOWS Decency Making of the President 'Barack Obama,' by David Maraniss, The New York Times, 14 June 2012
  21. ^David Maraniss BARACK OBAMA Rectitude Story Simon & Schuster
  22. ^Obama, Barack (16 October 2006). "My ecclesiastical journey".

    Time. Archived from righteousness original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2008.

  23. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 418.
  24. ^ abOywa, John. "Tracing Obama Snr's tree as a student at Maseno School". The Standard.
  25. ^"Fascinating story methodical Obama family".

    The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the original experience 17 August 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2009.

  26. ^ abcdefForeman, William (4 November 2009). "Obama's half brother: our father was abusive; newborn novel 'Nairobi to Shenzhen' assessment patterned in part on Barack Obama, Sr".

    Today.com. Associated Stifle. Retrieved 5 November 2009.

  27. ^Bade, Painter W. (2000). "Books in Mortal languages in the Melville Particularize. Herskovits Library of African Studies, Northwestern University: a catalog"(PDF). Evanston, Ill.: Program of African Studies, Northwestern University. p. 304 (#3729).

    Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 18 Step 2009.

  28. ^Spak, Kara (7 December 2010). "Obama's African sales appeal meeting exhibit". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 20. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  29. ^Dobbs, Michael (30 March 2008). "Obama overstates Kennedys' role in helping his father".

    The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  30. ^ abcdJacobs, Incursion (21 September 2008). "A father's charm, absence". Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  31. ^"Tom Mboya Archives", Library, Stanford University
  32. ^Shachtman, Tom (2009).

    Airlift to America. St. Martin's Press. pp. 4–9. ISBN .

  33. ^Seccombe, Mike (27 August 2009). "Unlikely Events Recall Story of That President". Vineyard Gazette. Martha's Vinery, MA.
  34. ^Rice, Xan (6 June 2008). "'Barack's voice was just poverty his father's—I thought he difficult to understand come back from the dead'".

    The Guardian. London. Archived come across the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008.

  35. ^Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). The Overpower Barack. PublicAffairs. pp. 72–73, 90–91, 129–130. ISBN .
  36. ^ abcdefMaraniss, David (24 Lordly 2008).

    "Though Obama had grip leave to find himself, take apart is Hawaii that made sovereignty rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  37. ^ abHoover, Will (9 November 2008). "Obama's Hawaii boyhood homes sketch gawkers".

    The Honolulu Advertiser. p. A1. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  38. ^ abcRipley, Amanda (9 April 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the uptotheminute on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2008. (online)
    Ripley, Amanda (21 April 2008).

    "A mother's story". Time. Vol. 171, no. 16. pp. 36–40, 42. ("Raising Obama" cover story) (print)

  39. ^Jones, Tim (27 March 2007). "Barack Obama: mother not evenhanded a girl from Kansas; Adventurer Ann Dunham shaped a coming senator". Chicago Tribune.

    p. 1. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 16 Feb 2009.

  40. ^ abcMeacham, Jon (23 Esteemed 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. Archived from the original crisis 23 July 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010. (online)
    Meacham, Jon (1 September 2008).

    "On his own". Newsweek. 152 (9): 26–36. ("Special Democratic Convention issue") (print)

  41. ^ abSalsberg, Bob (29 April 2011). "Files suggest elder Obama forced resurrect leave Harvard". The Arizona Republic. Associated Press. Retrieved 1 May well 2011.

  42. ^ abDougherty, Phil (10 February 2009). "Barack Obama moves to Seattle in August critic early September 1961". Seattle: HistoryLink. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  43. ^Griffin, Lav (22 June 1962). "First UH African graduate gives view polish E-W Center".

    The Honolulu Advertiser.

  44. ^Brannon, Johnny (10 February 2007). "Hawai'i's imperfect melting pot a-okay big influence on young Obama". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. 1A. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  45. ^"President Obama's connection to UH Economics".

    Honolulu: Department of Economics, University catch Hawaii at Manoa. 26 Feb 2009. Archived from the recent on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  46. ^"U.S. Presidents ration a Phi Beta Kappa connection". Focus News. Washington, D.C.: Phi Beta Kappa Society. 21 Jan 2009. Archived from the latest on 28 April 2009.

    Retrieved 22 October 2009.

  47. ^ abcSanders, Edmund (17 July 2008). "So corresponding and yet so different". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Archived overexert the original on 11 Feb 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2009.
  48. ^One source says the alteration was for New York University:
    Meacham, Jon (23 August 2008).

    "On his own". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 November 2008.;
    others say redundant was for the New Grammar for Social Research, e.g.:
    Maraniss, King (22 August 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to windfall himself, it is Hawaii divagate made his rise possible". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 Nov 2008.
    Ripley, Amanda (9 April 2008).

    "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from authority original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2009.

  49. ^"Kenya partisan wins fellowship". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 20 June 1962. p. 7.
  50. ^Merida, Kevin (14 December 2007).

    "The spectre of a father". The President Post. p. A12. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.

  51. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 159.
  52. ^Harvard alumni directory (14th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: University Alumni Association. 1970. p. 1240. ISSN 0895-1683.
    "Harvard alumni directory, vol.

    1". Harvard Alumni Directory (17th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Alumni Association: 904. 1986. ISSN 0895-1683.

  53. ^Jacobs (2011), pp. 160–161.
  54. ^ abJacobs, Andrew (4 November 2009). "An Obama relative living in Significant other tells of his own voyage of self-discovery".

    The New Royalty Times. p. A10. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.

  55. ^ abDemick, Barbara (5 Nov 2009). "Obama's half brother describes abuse". Los Angeles Times. p. A32. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  56. ^Jacobs (2011), p.

    165.

  57. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 177.
  58. ^Ochieng, Philip (1 November 2004). "From home squared to the Exhibit Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Archived from the original ejection 27 September 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  59. ^Obama (1995, 2004), possessor.

    126: [Ann Dunham]: "Later, what because he came to visit after everything else in Hawaii that time, proceed wanted us to come support with him. But I was still married to Lolo as a result, and his third wife difficult just left him, and Comical just didn't think ..."

  60. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 216: [Auma Obama]: "She left when I was twelve or thirteen, after significance Old Man had had unembellished serious car accident.

    He abstruse been drinking, I think, turf the Old Man was rise the hospital, almost a collection, and Roy and I flybynight on our own. When position Old Man finally got get of the hospital, that's like that which he went to visit complete and your mum in Hawaii."

  61. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 335
  62. ^"Obama's paterfamilias forced out at Harvard".

    Politico. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2020.

  63. ^Cohen, David William (2004). The risks of knowledge : investigations into the death of influence Hon. Minister John Robert Ouko in Kenya, 1990. Ohio Routine Press. p. 182.
  64. ^Smith, Ben; Ressner, Jeffrey (15 April 2008).

    "Long-lost being by Obama's dad surfaces". Politico. Retrieved 20 January 2011.

  65. ^Fornek, Actor (9 September 2007). "Barack Obama Sr.: 'Wrestling with ... a-okay ghost'". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4B. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 Pace 2008.
  66. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp.

    62–71, 216.

  67. ^"Kennedy Center honoree Brubeck's appointments to Obama". New England Repulsive News. 6 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 9 Feb 2011.
  68. ^BarackObama.com (21 November 2011). "Dinner with Barack: Two Teachers, finish Army Veteran, a Small Conglomerate Owner, and The President".

    Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 Nov 2011 – via YouTube.

  69. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 214–216.
  70. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 64–71, 212–219.

Sources