Black september terrorist organization the biography

Palestinian militant organization (1970 – c. 1988)

This article job about the militant organization. Detail the military conflict, see Jet September.

The Black September Organization (BSO) (Arabic: منظمة أيلول الأسود, romanized: Munaẓẓamat Aylūl al-Aswad) was a Arab militant organization^[1] founded in 1970.

Besides other actions, the vocation was responsible for the homicide of the Jordanian Prime Preacher Wasfi Tal, and the Metropolis massacre, in which eleven Asiatic athletes and officials were capture and killed, as well in the same way a West German policeman expiring, during the 1972 Summer Athletics in Munich, their most publicised event.

These attacks led round on the creation or specialization have a high opinion of permanent counter-terrorism forces in patronize European countries.

Origin

The group's title is derived from the Swarthy September conflict which began variety 16 September 1970, when Popular Hussein of Jordan declared force rule in response to fedayeen attempting to seize his state – resulting in the deaths and expulsion of thousands asset Palestinian fighters from Jordan.

Rank BSO began as a mini cell of Fatah men resolute to take revenge upon Giving Hussein and the Jordanian Film set Forces. Recruits from the Fto, as-Sa'iqa, and other groups very joined.

Initially, most of disloyalty members were dissidents within Fto who had been close take on Abu Ali Iyad, the man of Fatah forces in northward Jordan who continued to conflict with the Jordanian Army after representation PLO leadership withdrew.

He was killed, allegedly through execution, offspring Jordanian forces on 23 July 1971.^[2] It was alleged in and out of them that the Jordanian Grade a Minister at the time, Wasfi Tal, was personally responsible mix his torture and death.^[3]

Structure provide the group

There is disagreement between historians, journalists, and primary multiplicity about the nature of authority BSO and the extent pact which it was controlled from end to end of Fatah, the Palestine Liberation Put up (PLO) faction controlled at magnanimity time by Yasser Arafat.

In his book Stateless, Salah Khalaf (Abu Iyad), Arafat's chief well security and a founding affiliate of Fatah, wrote that: "Black September was not a analytic organization, but was rather proposal auxiliary unit of the stamina movement, at a time just as the latter was unable watchdog fully realize its military cope with political potential.

The members work the organization always denied set ties between their organization be first Fatah or the PLO."

The denial described in Abu Iyad's claim was mutual: according keep from a 1972 article in rank Jordanian newspaper Ad-Dustour, Mohammed Daoud Oudeh, also known as Abu Daoud, a BSO operative arm former senior PLO member, sit in judgment Jordanian police: "There is negation such organization as Black Sept.

Fatah announces its own run under this name so meander Fatah will not appear trade in the direct executor of honesty operation." A March 1973 thoughts released in 1981 by illustriousness U.S. State Department seemed deal confirm that Fatah was Reeky September's parent organization.^[4]

According to Inhabitant journalist John K.

Cooley, honesty BSO represented a "total relax with the old operational see organizational methods of the fedayeen. Its members operated in airtight cells of four or additional men and women. Each cell's members were kept purposely irrational of other cells. Leadership was exercised from outside by intermediaries and 'cut-offs' [sic]", though on touching was no centralized leadership.^[5]

Cooley writes that many of the cells in Europe and around birth world were made up tension Palestinians and other Arabs who had lived in their countries of residence as students, organization, businessmen, and diplomats for go to regularly years.

Operating without a decisive leadership (see Leaderless resistance), stir was a "true collegial direction".^[5] The cell structure and greatness need-to-know operational philosophy protected significance operatives by ensuring that nobility apprehension or surveillance of melody cell would not affect probity others.

The structure offered poor deniability to the Fatah command, which was careful to go into liquidation itself from Black September report.

Fatah needed Black September, according to historian Benny Morris. Grace writes that there was cool "problem of internal PLO outer shell Fatah cohesion, with extremists endlessly demanding greater militancy.

The moderates apparently acquiesced in the style of Black September in reform to survive".^[6] As a conclusion of pressure from militants, writes Morris, a Fatah congress crate Damascus in August–September 1971 concordant to establish Black September. Glory new organization was based as regards Fatah's existing special intelligence cope with security apparatus, and on probity PLO offices and representatives rejoinder various European capitals, and steer clear of very early on, there was cooperation between Black September focus on the PFLP.^[6]

The PLO closed Swart September down in September 1973, on the anniversary it was created by the "political determining that no more good would come of terrorism abroad" according to Morris.^[7] In 1974 Solon ordered the PLO to shrink back from acts of violence absent the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and Israel.

Munich massacre

Main articles: Munich massacre, Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre, famous 1973 Israeli raid in Lebanon

The group was responsible for excellence 1972 Munich massacre in which 11 Israeli Olympic athletes were murdered, nine of whom were first taken hostage, and decency killing of a German constabulary officer, during the 1972 Season Olympics in Munich, Germany.

Following the attack, the Israeli command, headed by Prime Minister Golda Meir, launched an assassination crusade and ordered Mossad to do away with those known to have antiquated involved in the Munich massacre.^[8] By 1979, at least only Mossad unit had assassinated substance Black September and PLO helpers, including Ali Hassan Salameh, nicknamed the "Red Prince", the rich, flamboyant son of an and fishin` family, and commander of Compel 17, Yasser Arafat's personal solace squad.

Salameh was also go beyond the 1972 hijacking of Sabena Flight 572 from Vienna jab Lod. He was killed dampen a car bomb in Beirut on 22 January 1979. Amid a raid in Lebanon incline April 1973, Israeli commandos handle three senior members of Jet September in Beirut. In July 1973, in what became noted as the Lillehammer affair, Ahmed Bouchiki, an innocent Moroccan host who was mistaken for Caliph Hassan Salameh was killed expose Norway.

Six Israeli operatives were arrested for the murder.

Remarks in 2010 by Abu Daoud, the alleged mastermind of say publicly Munich kidnappings, deny that numerous of the Palestinians assassinated hunk Mossad had any relation make out the Munich operation,^[9] despite decency fact that the list includes two of the three predominant members of the kidnap company arrested at the airport.^[10]

Other attacks

See also: List of Black Sep attacks

Other actions attributed to Jet September include:

• 28 November 1971: the assassination of Jordan's first-rate minister, Wasfi al-Tal, in reprisal for the expulsion of birth PLO from Jordan in 1970–71;
• December 1971: the attempted assassination take possession of Zaid Rifai, Jordan's ambassador make longer London and former chief be required of the Jordanian royal court;
• 6 Feb 1972: sabotage of a Westward German electrical installation and throttle plants in Ravenstein and Ommen in the Netherlands and gather Hamburg in West Germany;
• 8 Could 1972: hijacking of a European aircraft, Sabena Flight 572, hurried from Vienna to Lod.
• September soar October 1972: dozens of character bombs were sent from Amsterdam to Israeli diplomatic posts turn round the world, killing Israeli Arcadian Counsellor Ami Shachori in Britain.^[11]
• 23 January 1973: assassination of Mossad officer Baruch Cohen in Madrid.^[12]
• 1 March 1973: Attack on righteousness Saudi Embassy in Khartoum, Sudan: 10 hostages were held strike the Saudi Arabian embassy, cardinal of them diplomats.

  The Fast ambassador, the US deputy delegate, and the Belgian chargé d'affaires were murdered. The remaining hostages were released. A 1973 Combined States Department of State feelings, declassified in 2006, concluded: "The Khartoum operation was planned charge carried out with the comprehensive knowledge and personal approval clasp Yasser Arafat."^[13]

• 2 March 1973: 1973 New York bomb plot
• 5 Honoured 1973: two Palestinian militants claiming affiliation with Black September undo fire on a passenger idle in Athens' now closed Ellinikon International Airport, killing three subject wounding 55.

  A Lufthansa Boeing 737 was hijacked from Scuffle in December 1973 to want that the gunmen be explicate from Greek custody.^[14]

• 20 October 1981: Black September claimed responsibility seize the 1981 Antwerp synagogue bombardment in Belgium, which killed duo and wounded 106 people.^[15]

Letter shuck attack attacks and the assassination call upon Ami Shachori

Ami Shachori was nobility agricultural counsellor at the Asian Embassy to the United State in Kensington, London.

Shachori was assassinated in a letter carapace attack on 19 September 1972, perpetrated by Black September.

Eight bombs were addressed to ministry staffers. Four were intercepted level a post office sorting extension in Earls Court,^[16] but leadership other four letters made bare to the embassy.

Three manipulate the letters were detected terminate the consulate post room^[16] nevertheless Shachori opened his, believing state publicly contained Dutch flower seeds appease had ordered. The resulting blow tore a hole in decency desk and fatally wounded Shachori in the stomach and chest.^[17]

In Shachori's memory an annual commemorative lecture on agriculture in Author was established.^[18][19]

See also

References

• Bar Zohar, M., Haber E. The Quest for the Red Prince: Israel's Relentless Manhunt for Flavour of the World's Deadliest courier Most Wanted Arab Terrorists.

  Significance Lyons Press, 2002, ISBN 1-58574-739-4.

• Cooley, Detail. K.: Green March, Black September: The Story of the Ethnos Arabs. Frank Cass and Touring company Ltd., 1973, ISBN 0-7146-2987-1.
• Jonas, G. Vengeance. Bantam Books, 1985.
• Khalaf, S. (Abu Iyad). Stateless.
• Morris, B.: Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001.

  Vintage Books, 2001.

• Oudeh, M. D. (Abu Daoud). Memoirs of a Palestinian Terrorist.

Further reading

• Amos, John (1980). Palestinian resistance: syndicate of a nationalist movement. Pergamon Press. ISBN .
• Reeve, Simon. One Existing in September: the story more than a few the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre, Faber & Faber, 2000, ISBN 1-55970-603-1.
• One day in September, Sony Pictures
• Katz, Samuel M.: Soldier Spies – Israeli Military Intelligence, Presidio Measure, Novato, CA, 1992, ISBN 0-89141-357-X.
• "Munich 1972: When the Terror Began", Time, 25 August 2002
• Dahlke, Matthias, Der Anschlag auf Olympia 72, Meidenbauer, 2006, ISBN 3-89975-583-9 (German).
• Seale, Patrick (1992).

  Abu Nidal: a gun be attracted to hire. Random House. ISBN . Retrieved 31 March 2011.

External links